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relating to the flight.
Lights & Visual Signals
Used for NORDO aircraft, or those
having difficulties with radio.
Acknowledge them by rocking the
wings or flashing the landing lights
once.
Signal To air To ground
Steady red Give way to
other aircraft,
keep circling
Stop
Red pyro, or
flare
Do not land
for time being
Red flashes Airport unsafe,
do not land
Move clear of
landing area
Green flashes Return for
landing
Cleared to taxi
Steady Green You may land Clear to take off
(not a vehicle)
White flashes Land after
receiving
continuous
green. After
green flashes,
go to apron.
Return to
starting point
Bursting
red/green
stars
You are in or
near a danger
area; push off
Blinking
runway lights
Ground
personnel clear
areas
Visual Approach Systems
Runway lighting works backwards
from the threshold for up to 3,000
feet for precision approach runways.
It has a purpose other than to show
you the way in at night – it's also
meant to help you transition to the
visual after emerging from the
clouds during an approach. There
are various designs for various
purposes, shown in the AIP.
When approaching visually to a
runway, it's often useful to have an
aid to help get the glideslope right
(lateral guidance is provided by the
runway lights). Those described here
use different coloured light patterns
to show whether you are on a
glideslope, too high or too low. They
will be situated to the left of the
runway threshold and visible up to
about 5 nm by day and 20 nm or
more by night. Their sphere of
influence is ±10° of the extended
centreline, up to 4 nm.
VASIS
The Visual Approach Slope Indicator
System is a group of four lights (2-
bar), which may be turned off if the
weather is down to minimums so
they don't confuse you.
The light bars are called upwind and
downwind. There's a middle one for the
3-bar version - normal aircraft use
the middle and downwind ones, and
widebodies use the middle and
upwind bars to get a glideslope of 3°
(usually).
210 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Normal means an eye-to-wheel height
of up to 25 feet (e.g. DC-8).
Widebodies have up to 45 feet.
When you are on the glideslope, you
should see red lights over white ones
("red on white, you're all right"). If
you are too low, you will see red
over red ("red on red, you're dead").
When the approach is correct, you
will have safe clearance from
obstructions within 6-9° either side
of the centreline up to 4 nm out,
with a safe wheel clearance over the
threshold.
A Tri-Color VASI uses red, green
and amber to indicate too low, on
the glideslope and too high,
respectively.
A Pulsating VASI (PVASI) uses a
single light source to project a twocolour
approach indication. When
very low or very high, the light
pulsates more in relation to your
distance away, otherwise it is steady
for on the glideslope (white) and just
below (red).
PAPI
The Precision Approach Path Indicator
does pretty much the same thing as
VASIS, but with 4 lights in a row:
When on the correct slope, the two
lights nearest the runway are red and
the two furthest ones show white.
Three whites and a red mean slightly
high, and three reds and a white
means slightly low. Four of each is
way too much.
T-VASIS
This uses 10 lights, with 4 horizontal
ones in the middle and the other 6 as
3 vertical groups above and below,
which only appear when you are low
or high. If you do things properly,
you will arrive at the threshold at 45
feet. All lights are white, except
where a gross undershoot is involved,
when they turn red.
Lights above the horizontal 4 are the
fly down lights, whereas those
appearing below are the fly up ones.
Cruising Altitudes
Here, you have to take into account
obstacles, aircraft performance and
weather. What height you fly at is
determined by the direction in which
you are going, for which, unless told
otherwise, you use magnetic track in
the SDA and true track in the NDA.
VFR Below 18,000 feet
2,000 feet separation, as follows:
000-179° 180-369°
Odd levels, plus 500 feet
(3,500, 5,500 etc)
Even levels, plus
500 feet (4,500,
6,500, etc)
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