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may request a read back at any time.
You may deviate from clearances
and instructions as far as necessary
to avoid a collision, if you are
responding to an advisory from
ACAS or TCAS, or GPWS. As soon
as possible afterwards, however, you
must carry on with the last clearance
214 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
or instruction, and inform ATC of
what you’ve done.
Airspace Structure
The airspace over Canada is split up,
according to the use made of it.
Canadian Domestic Airspace (CDA)
This includes all airspace over the
Canadian land mass, the Arctic, the
Archipelago (assorted islands) and
any high seas underneath the bound:
It is split into the Southern Domestic
Airspace (SDA) and Northern Domestic
Airspace (NDA). The difference
between them is that magnetic tracks
are used in the SDA, and true tracks
in the NDA. The above boundaries
are also used for:
Altimeter Setting Regions
The NDA boundaries (above)
coincide with the Standard Pressure
Region, where 29.92" is usually set on
the altimeter for altitude reference.
On departure within the region,
however, use the current altimeter
setting (from observations in the last
90 minutes) right up to the cruise
level, where you set 29.92" just
before reaching it. On arrival, just
before starting descent, use the
setting of the intended destination.
In the hold, keep the standard
setting until the lowest flight level in
the hold.
The Altimeter Setting Region is the
same size as the SDA, and is where
you must use the current setting of
the nearest station so, when landing,
set the altimeter to whatever is in use
at your destination.
When going from the ASR to the
SPR, set 29.92" immediately after
crossing the boundary, unless
otherwise told. When going the
other way, set the current altimeter
setting of the nearest station
immediately before crossing the
boundary.
Airspace below 18,000 feet is
referred to as Low Level Airspace.
Predictably, that from 18,000 feet
upwards is called the High Level
Airspace.
ICAO Airspace Classifications
Controlled airspace is classified into
Class A, B, C, D, E, F Special Use
Restricted or F Special Use Advisory.
Class A
Separation is provided for IFR
aircraft only (VFR is not permitted),
from 18,000 feet to FL 600.
Class B
Separation is provided between all
aircraft, IFR or VFR, from 12,500
feet (or MEA, whichever is higher)
to 17,999 feet. It may contain a
control zone and TCA. Clearance is
required from VFR aircraft before
entering, and position reporting is
required, so you need a minimum
level of radio/nav equipment. Unless
you can get Special VFR, you must
leave when conditions demand IFR.
Air Law 215
Class C
Separation is between IFR aircraft,
with VFR separated from IFR. VFR
aircraft require clearance to enter, so
you need a 2-way radio. You may get
traffic information and conflict
resolution. If ATC is not available, it
reverts to Class E.
Class D
IFR and VFR, but separation is only
between IFR aircraft (traffic
information, however, is provided).
You still need 2-way radio, but you
only need to establish contact with
ATC before entering, so if they reply
and ask you to stand by, you can
carry on. You get traffic information
and conflict resolution. If ATC is
not available, it reverts to Class E.
Class E
Anything that is still controlled
airspace, but not meeting the
requirements above, like low level
airways, control area extensions,
transition areas or control zones
without a controlling tower.
Separation is as for Class D.
Class F
Where some limitations are imposed.
Separation is between IFR aircraft as
far as practicable (they receive ATC
advisory service) and all flights
receive flight information on request.
Class F Advisory is used for air shows
and the like, and VFR aircraft should
avoid it unless taking part.
A=acrobatics, T=training, F=aircraft
testing, P=parachuting, S=soaring,
M=military, H=hang gliding.
Class F Restricted needs advance
permission, as it may be a danger
area, a rocket range, or similar (check
the NOTAMs). R=Restricted,
D=Danger, 100=BC, 200=Alberta,
300=Saskatchewan, 400=Manitoba,
500=Ontario, 600=Quebec,
700=Atlantic, 800=Yukon,
900=NWT.
Class G
Anything not designated as A, B, C,
D, E or F, where ATC has no
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