曝光台 注意防骗
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you shoot from the hip, which is
equally wrong. Checklists and drills
are in the Company's Ops Manual
and are intended to be followed to
the letter. They are not always based
on the Flight Manual drills, which
are required to be followed to
comply with the requirements of the
C of A. Whilst they have their uses,
though, they can't cater for every
situation, and you may have to think
once in a while.
In such circumstances, it pays to
have prehandled many emergencies
(i.e. updating landing sites as above),
but, otherwise, actions take place in
two modes, the conscious and the
automatic. The former can be slow
and error-prone, but has more
potential for being correct. The latter
is largely unconscious and therefore
automatic – however, it only relies
on a vast database of information (or
experience), and is not creative of
itself – a problem that may affect
inexperienced pilots.
242 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Learning
In simple terms, this can be defined
as a long-term change in behaviour
based on experience, whether its
other peoples' (reading, studying) or
your own.
There are several behaviour patterns
(or pilot performance levels)
concerning this:
· Skill-based learning is based on
practice, to become part of the
"muscle memory", or motor
programs, of your body (say when
learning the piano). As such it
does not require conscious
monitoring, but it can lead to
environmental capture, that is doing
something because it's always
done and not because it's the
right thing to do (saying "3
greens", for example, without
lowering the gear). You could
also end up with the right skill
in the wrong situation (action
slip), meaning pulling the flap
lever instead of the gear (see
Ergonomics, below).
· Rule-based learning is that which
follows procedures, like
checklists and SOPs. It is kept
in long term memory (see
above), requiring the decision
channel and working memory for
execution - an inexperienced
pilot may have a problem with
this if the rules are imprecise
and assume a minimum level of
knowledge for them to be used
properly. What usually happens
when an accident occurs is that
the brain goes smartly into
neutral whilst everything around
you goes pear-shaped.
Checklists can help to bridge
the gap of inactivity by giving
you something more or less
correct to do whilst psyching
yourself up and evaluating
information ready for a
decision. The US Navy, for
example, trains pilots to stop in
emergencies, and reset the clock
on the instrument panel, which
forces them to relax, or at least,
not to panic.
· Knowledge-based learning relies on
previous experience (you could
look on "common sense" as the
sum total of experience). It 's
the sort of stuff you apply if you
need to think things through, or
maybe work on the why so the
how becomes apparent.
Inexperienced pilots are more
likely to make knowledge-based
mistakes, a factor that is more
apparent when they are forced
into knowledge-based
behaviour.
Memory
Most psychologists (but by no
means all!) agree that there are three
types of memory:
· Instinct, what Jung called "race
memory", gives an immediate
(i.e. gut reaction) response to a
stimulus. It's like something you
are hard-wired for. Some
psychologists call this sensory
memory, as it provides a raw
reaction to sensory input.
· Short Term, or Working, Memory,
which is for data that is used
and forgotten almost instantly
(actually, nothing is ever
forgotten, as any psychologist
will tell you, but the point is that
Short Term Memory is for "on
the spot" work, such as fuel
Human Factors 243
calculations or ATC clearances).
It can only cope with about 7
items at a time, unless some
tricks are used, such as grouping
or association (chunking). Data in
short term memory typically
lasts about 10-20 seconds. It is
affected by distraction, and is
probably what Einstein was
referring to when he thought
that as soon as one fact was
absorbed, one was discarded.
Because its capacity is so
limited, items must clamour for
attention, which may be based
on emotion, personal interest or
the unusual.
Just to prove that short term
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