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inspection fees or similar charges.
Aircraft of other contracting States
not on scheduled international air
services (i.e. general aviation aircraft)
may, subject to the Convention
make flights into or non-stop in
transit, and to stop for non-traffic
purposes (refuel, emergency) without
prior permission from the State
concerned. However, you may have
to follow prescribed routes for safety
or security reasons.
Before entering the sovereign
airspace of a foreign State with the
intention of landing there, the
aircraft must be airworthy, with all
relevant documents, including the C
of A on board.
Crew licences must be issued by the
State of registration. They are
recognised by other States as long as
they exceed ICAO requirements
(this also applies to Certificates of
Airworthiness).
The Certificate of Registration must
be carried at all times.
ICAO Rules of the Air apply to
aircraft bearing the nationality and
registration marks of a contracting
State, wherever they may be, as long
as they do not conflict with those of
the State with jurisdiction over the
territory being flown over. In other
words, State rules take precedence
over ICAO where they conflict.
However, the Authority in the State
of registration will most likely
require to be informed.
Some Questions
1. An aircraft overtaking another in
flight must pass to which side?
2. An aircraft's vertical position with
the altimeter set to 1013.2 mb
(29.92") is reported as what?
3. The Transition Altitude is that at
or below which the vertical position
of an aircraft is controlled by
reference to what?
Some Answers
1. The Right.
2. A Flight Level.
3. Altitude.
234 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Notes
Human Factors
Aircraft are getting more reliable so,
in theory at least, accidents should
happen less often. Unfortunately,
this is not the case, so we need to
look somewhere else for the causes.
Believe it or not, accidents are very
carefully planned – it’s just that the
results are very different from those
expected! An accident is actually the
end product of a chain of events, so
if you can recognise the sequence it
should be possible to nip any
problems in the bud.
A common saying is that "the well
oiled nut behind the wheel is the
most dangerous part of any car".
Not necessarily true for aviation,
perhaps, but, in looking for causes
other than the hardware when it
comes to accidents, it's hard not to
focus on the pilot (or human factor)
as the weak link in the chain—
around 75% of accidents can be
attributed to this, although it’s also
true to say that the situations some
aircraft are put into make them liable
to misfortunes as a matter of course,
particularly helicopters – if you
continually land on slippery logs in
clearings, something untoward is
bound to happen sometime!
The trend towards human factors in
relation to accidents was discovered
through the 80s and 90s, when a
series of accidents that occurred in
the USA were analysed in depth. It
was found that crew interaction was
a major factor since, nearly 75% of
the time, it was the first time they
had flown together, and nearly half
were on the first leg, in situations
where there was pressure from the
schedule (over 50%) and late on in
the duty cycle, so fatigue was
significant. The Captain was also
flying 80% of the time. The problem
is, that it's not much different now –
70% of accidents in the USA in 2000
were pilot related, based on mistakes
that could easily be avoided with a
little forethought. Now, the figure
worldwide is around 80%. If air
traffic continues to grow at the
present rate, we will be losing 1
airliner per week by 2010.
Since the problem of crew cooperation
needed to be addressed,
management principles used in other
236 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
industries (i.e. Quality Assurance and
Risk Management) were distilled into
what is mostly called Crew Resource
Management, triggered by three
accidents, one of which was at
Dryden, also instrumental in new
Canadian icing laws being passed (in
Canada, a condensed version
concerned mainly with Pilot Decision
Making is needed to fly in visibility
down to half a mile. This might not
actually be due to weather, but
smoke, as you might find in a forest
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