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clear of obstacles, are called
Clearways, which, with the TORA,
form the Take-off Distance Available
(TODA), which should not be more
than 1 ½ x TORA.
Part of the Clearway that can
support an aircraft while stopping,
although not under take-off
conditions, is declared as Stopway
which may be added to the TORA
to form the Emergency Distance
Available (EDA), and marked with
yellow chevrons. This is the ground
run distance available for an aircraft
to abort a take-off and come to rest
safely—the essential point to note is
that Stopway is ground-based. EDA
is sometimes also referred to as the
Emergency Distance or Accelerate-Stop
Distance. The greater the EDA, the
higher the speed you can accelerate
to before the point at which you
198 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
must decide to stop or go when an
engine fails.
The end of the runway is called the
threshold. Any obstacles interfering
with the glideslope may need it to be
displaced a certain distance, but the
area behind it can still be used for
taxying and takeoff runs, even if it
cannot be for landing.
Displacement is marked by large
yellow arrows pointing towards the
new threshold. The threshold will be
relocated if part of the runway is
closed, and crosses will be used
instead of arrows.
Runways are named after the
direction they are facing in, without
the last number.
For example, one facing West, or
270°, would be called Runway 27. In
fact, the naming is to the nearest
tenth degree, so one facing 067° is
actually Runway 07. A T after the
number (as in 07T) would be a True
direction, as used in the NDA.
Parallel runways will also be known
as Left or Right.
Where no runways are available, the
takeoff and landing areas will be
marked out with pyramidal or conical
markers, painted orange and white
for airports, or just orange for
aerodromes.
Contamination
Whenever there is water on the
runway, surface conditions are
described (with its depth) as:
· Damp – there is a change of
colour due to moisture.
· Water patches – significant
patches of standing water.
· Wet – the surface is soaked, but
there is no standing water.
· Flooded – there is extensive
standing water visible.
Markings & Signals
To a certain extent, you can tell from
the air how suitable a runway is for
your aircraft by the markings painted
on it (which should be white). For
example, a non-instrument runway over
5,000 feet long looks like this:
The first big markings are 1,000 feet
from the end, and the smaller ones
occur every 500 feet afterwards. An
instrument runway has a 500-foot
marker first, where the wheels are
supposed to hit:
In addition, if there is a windsock at
each end of the runway (on the left
side), it is over 4,000 feet long.
Otherwise, it will be at the midpoint.
If it's a Transport Canada
windsock (fly close to see the small
print), the runways are likely to be
on an airport.
At least 6 unidirectional lights at the
runway end should show red in the
runway direction. Threshold lights
(and wing bar lights) should show
green in the approach direction.
Two or more white crosses (with
arms at 45° to the center line) along
a section or at both ends of a runway
or taxiway mean that the section
Air Law 199
between them is unfit for aircraft
movement:
A mandatory instruction sign has
white text on a red background.
Taxiways
Paved taxiways should have centre
line markings, for continuous
guidance between runways and
aircraft stands.
Holding Points
A non-instrument runway will have a
yellow single solid and a single
dashed line across the taxiway (the
dashed line will be on the runway
side). An instrument runway has a
double set of each:
They indicate a point beyond which
no part of an aircraft may project
without prior permission from ATC.
If there are no lines, you must be at
least 200 feet from the runway edge.
Aircraft Operating Over Water
Except when taking off or landing, a
land aircraft may not fly beyond
where it could reach shore if an
engine fails, unless authorised in an
AOC.
If doing so, however, helicopters
must have an approved emergency
flotation kit and fly high enough to
allow time for them to inflate before
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