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Distance To
Go
Add the combination of closing
angle and track error to the heading
the appropriate way.
If you were intending to track along
a VOR radial, and found you were
actually on a different one, you can
use the 1 in 60 rule to see whether
you were still inside the airway. If the
centreline was 045°, and you were
on the 040° radial, you would be off
track by 5°. If the DME says you are
45 nm away, it is a simple
calculation:
Dist Off = TE x Dist Gone
60
The answer is 3.75 nm, so you are
OK.
Summary
The 1 in 60 rule means that every 1
degree off track represents 1 nm for
every 60 travelled.
If you just want to parallel the track,
alter course by the track error in the
appropriate direction. To go to the
destination, add the closing angle.
To get back on track, alter course by
double the track error. Once there,
the original track plus or minus the
track error will keep you there.
Be aware, though, that the time to
regain track may be more than that
used to create the error in the first
place, and that these rules are
approximate, because altering
heading changes the relationship of
the wind to your machine.
Departure
For the most accuracy when learning
to fly, it is best to get to a safe height
over the departure point, then set
course, making sure you pass the
start point in the cruise. Although
this means you won't have to make
separate calculations for the climb,
with more experience, you will be
able to climb away on course directly
from the circuit, making the proper
allowances.
En Route
Accurately fly your planned heading
for six minutes, note your position,
then compare it to the map, and the
10 nm intervals you drew on it.
Whatever distance you have flown in
six minutes multiplied by ten is your
groundspeed, so 10 miles in 6
minutes is 100 kts. You now have
either confirmation of planned
groundspeed or a new one, so you
can create a new ETA.
Check your DI against the compass
every 15 minutes or so. Also, check
your fuel state against your progress,
noting large reductions in particular,
as they may indicate that you have
left the fuel cap undone, or that you
have a leak.
Navigation 151
The Circle of Uncertainty
Assuming you have flown as
accurately as possible, and the wind
velocity was accurately forecast, and
you made no mistakes in your flight
planning, you should find yourself
pretty much on track throughout the
flight. However, life is not always
like that, and once in a while you
may find yourself unsure of your
position, which is the technical term
for being lost.
The circle of uncertainty is a way of
trying to remedy this by allowing a
percentage of error and drawing a
circle of appropriate size centred on
your destination. In theory, you
should be somewhere inside it. Its
diameter will very rarely be more
than 10% of the track distance.
Map Reading
Get used to recognising ground
features from the map and angles
and distances between them. When
identifying a fix, you need at least
three ways of confirmation.
Also get used to not necessarily
needing to know exactly which field
you are over at all times – a common
fault is too much accuracy when you
start flying. Knowing you are so
many miles in a particular direction
from somewhere is good enough.
If operating inside a particular area,
choose a prominent landmark and
rotate round it, that is, keep an eye
on your position in relation to it.
Check Features are prominent
landmarks selected in the planning
stage to look for during the flight.
The span of your hand is about nine
inches, very useful for measuring
distance. From the middle of your
thumb to the tip is about an inch.
Some Questions
1. How far will you fly in 2 hours 38
minutes at a groundspeed of 364
knots?
2. If an aircraft flew 60 nm in 14
minutes with a TAS of 250 kts, what
is the wind component?
3. With a wind velocity of 260/15
and a track of 296°T, what heading
and airspeed should be flown to
maintain a groundspeed of 120 kts
on track?
4: On a LO chart, what facilities
does an airport with this box round
it have?
Some Answers
1. 960 miles. Line up 60 against 364
on the outer scale, then look for the
answer against 158 minutes.
2. Line up 14 on the inner scale
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