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should be firm, but not rock hard.
Lifejackets
An unconscious person needs 35 lbs
of buoyancy to keep afloat, so make
sure they are so capable, especially
taking a fair bit of wear and tear.
Automatically inflated types activate
when a soluble tablet gets wet, which
is no good in a water-filled cabin, as
you will be unlikely to get out of the
cabin entrance. Purloining them
from airlines is also not a good idea,
as they use one-shot jackets. The
reason CO2 is used to inflate them is
that it doesn't burn.
Immersion Suits
Immersion suits are useful, but they
are not necessarily to keep you warm
long-term, that is, to delay
hypothermia, although that is part of
their function - a good majority of
deaths with a suit on occur well
within any time needed for
hypothermia to even set in. The real
danger is inside the first two or three
minutes, from cold shock response,
which will reduce your capacity to
hold your breath, and possibly set
off hyperventilation, aside from
contracting blood vessels and raising
the blood pressure. At temperatures
between 5-10°, the average capability
for holding the breath reduces to
about 10 seconds, if at all.
From 3-15 minutes, the problem
appears to be keeping the airways
clear – it can be quite frustrating
trying to breathe while you're
continually being splashed. It's not
till 30 minutes have passed in
average conditions that hypothermia
starts to rear its head, and if you're
not wearing a lifejacket, it will reduce
your ability to use your arms to
swim. Even the method of taking
you out of the water can be
dangerous if it causes the blood to
pool away from the cardiovascular
system – whilst in the water, its
pressure against your body helps
return blood from the lower limbs
back to the heart – this support is
removed once you are out.
Night Flying
Night flying can be pleasant—there's
less traffic, you tend not to go in bad
weather and the air is denser, so the
engine and flying controls are more
responsive (if the controls become
heavier than normal, your instructor
has his hands on as well!).
Searching for an overdue aircraft in
low light conditions causes lots of
problems, and route planning should
take account of this. Otherwise, it’s
much the same as for day, though
there are some aspects that demand
some thought. Plot your route on
the chart in the normal way, but
navigate with electronic aids or
features that are prominent at night,
such as town lighting, lighted masts
or chimneys, large stretches of water
(big black holes), aerodromes,
highways, etc.
Apart from reducing visibility, rain
on the windscreen is a particular
threat when fixing your position by a
single light source. When little or no
light is on the surface and a
prominent one comes into view, it
176 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
may seem that the light is above the
horizon, which could lead you to
pitch into a steep attitude in keeping
with the resulting false horizon.
Sometimes the effect is not much
more than an uncomfortable
climbing sensation even when you're
straight and level, but an obscured
windscreen could make objects
appear lower than they really are.
This will be more apparent with high
intensity runway lighting, which may
also give you the same effect that
actors have on stage, where they
can't see the audience through the
bright lighting. The lack of normal
contrast will also upset your altitude
perception, making you feel further
away and higher than you are. As a
result, on a final approach you could
find yourself too low and fast. The
solution is to use every piece of
sensory information you can,
including landing lights and
instruments (look ahead and slightly
to the side of the light beam).
Problems will arise if several of the
above factors affect you at once,
especially if the landing point is
sloping—this is where frequent
cross-checking of altimeters is
important. The illusions you might
get with sloping ground include:
Problem Illusion Risk
Downslope Too low High approach
Upslope Too high Low approach
Rain Closer Low approach
Narrow Too high Low approach
Wide Too low High approach & flare
Bright lts Too low High approach
The trick with landing is to get to
where you think you are going to
touch the ground – then go down
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