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especially if the unit malfunctions, in
which you need to report the model
number and any details. The device
should then be switched off.
If you hear an ELT signal in flight,
notify ATC of your position and
altitude, with the time you first heard
the signal and the signal strength. If
you lose the signal, report this as
well. Do not attempt SAR yourself.
If the signal is constant, it may be
your own aircraft. ELTs must be
fitted as follows, (and armed):
232 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Aircraft Area of
Operation
Minimum
Equipment
All aircraft except
*
Over land One ELT of
AD, AF, AP, A
or F 2.
Large passenger
transport multiengined
turbojets
Over water
where life
rafts are
required
Two ELTs of
Type W or S or
one of each 3
All other aircraft
requiring an ELT
Over water
where life
rafts
required
One ELT of
Type W or S
* gliders, balloons, airships, ultra-lights or gyroplanes,
multi-engined turbo-jets over 5 700 kg (12,500 lbs) in
IFR in controlled airspace over land, and south of 66 30'
N, or those registered in contracting states, with a
serviceable radio transmitter for SAR purposes having a
distinctive audio signal, and capable of communication
on 121.5 MHz, or simultaneously on 121.5 MHz and
243.0 MHz. Also training aircraft within 25 nm of the
aerodrome of departure, those on flight tests, new
aircraft in operations incidental to manufacture,
preparation or delivery, or under 605.39.
International Air Law
The idea behind this is to reduce a
phenomenon known as conflict of laws,
and the resulting confusion that
could arise where, say, a claim for
damages is brought in a French
court in respect of injury to a
Canadian whilst travelling on a ticket
bought in Holland for a journey
from Germany on an Italian plane.
International Air Law has mainly
evolved through various
International Conventions or
Treaties, too numerous to mention
here, which form the basis of Public
International Law which in turn can
be incorporated into the law of
individual states in relation to the
Chicago Convention of 1944.
A Convention is an agreement that
many nations are at liberty to enter
into and the word Treaty indicates
agreements between two (or more)
States that bind only themselves.
The Tokyo Convention 1963, for
instance, relates to offences
committed on board, but not by,
aircraft. Thus, Conventions can
cover many subjects, including
standards for nav equipment, but
they can also establish governing
bodies, such as the International Civil
Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
ICAO is a worldwide body
convened by governments while the
International Air Transport Association
(IATA) is an equivalent body
established by the airlines. Although
IATA is a private organisation, it
nevertheless has strong links with
ICAO and governments, and is
often used by many airlines as an
agent for inter-airline cooperation.
IATA has many committees, but the
most significant is Traffic, which
negotiates many arrangements
between states and airlines. As well
as certain freedoms granted by
Conventions over the years (such as
flying over certain territories, taking
tech stops and collecting or
discharging passengers), other rights
of commercial entry are established
by bilateral agreements, which
provide for route(s) to be flown,
estimate traffic capacity, frequencies
of service and establish other precise
rules under which operator and crew
licensing are accepted by the
respective parties to the agreement.
Under the ICAO Convention, the
territory of a State consists of land
areas and adjacent territorial waters
under its sovereignty, suzerainty,
protection or mandate. Every State has
complete and exclusive sovereignty
over the airspace above its territory.
The appropriate authorities have the
right, without unreasonable delay, to
Air Law 233
search aircraft belonging to other
States when landing or departing,
and to inspect documentation. The
State of Registry is the State in whose
Register an aircraft is entered.
Subject to Customs regulations,
aircraft on flights to, from or across
the territory of another State are
admitted temporarily free of duty.
Fuel, oil, stores and spares, etc. on
board and destined to be leaving
again are exempt from duties,
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