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The Occlusion 102
Trowal 102
Line Squalls 102
Secondary Front 102
Visibility 102
Fog 102
Mist 103
Whiteout 103
Met Services 103
The GFA 104
Clouds 106
Visibility 106
Winds 106
Icing & Turbulence 106
Weather Information 107
FDAs 107
TAFs 107
METARs 108
SIGMETs 109
iv Canadian Private Pilot Studies
PIREPs/AIREPs 109
AIRMET 109
RAREPs 109
CAVOK 109
Charts 109
Surface Weather 110
The Station Circle 110
Some Questions 111
Some Answers 112
ELECTRICITY & RADIO 113
Atomic Theory 113
Electricity 114
Batteries 114
Amps 117
Volts 117
Resistance 117
Magnetism 117
Direct Current 118
Alternating Current 118
Radio 120
Wavebands 121
Propagation 121
VOR 123
Testing 126
Problems 126
Time to Station 127
ADF/NDB 127
RMI 130
Position Fix 130
Time to Station 131
Tracking 131
DME 131
GPS 132
Errors 133
Radar 133
Secondary Surveillance Radar 134
VDF 135
Radio Procedures 135
ATC 136
Radio Failure 137
RT Emergency Procedures 137
NAVIGATION 139
Great Circles & Rhumb Lines 140
Direction 141
Magnetic Bearings 141
Table of Contents v
Sun's True Bearing 142
Time & Time Zones 142
Deviation 143
Maps & Charts 143
Lambert's Conformal 144
Mercator 144
Polar Stereographic 145
Scale 146
Relief 146
Speed & Distance 147
Triangle of Velocities 147
Dead Reckoning 149
The 1 in 60 Rule 149
Summary 150
Departure 150
En Route 150
The Circle of Uncertainty 151
Map Reading 151
Some Questions 151
Some Answers 151
FLIGHT PLANNING 153
Fuel 153
Helicopters 154
Fixed Wing 154
Maps 154
The PLOG 154
The Dalton Computer 155
CR Series 156
Slide Rule 156
Weight & Balance 158
Distribution 159
Performance 161
Density Altitude 162
Runway length 163
Altitude and Temperature 163
Aircraft weight 164
Runway slope 164
Surface winds 164
Surface 164
Obstacles (The Climb) 166
The Cruise 166
Speed 167
Miscellaneous 167
V-Speeds 167
Charts 167
A Question 168
vi Canadian Private Pilot Studies
An Answer 168
FLIGHT OPERATIONS 169
Fuelling 169
Bird Hazards 171
Ditching 172
Sea Movement 172
The Procedure 172
Equipment 174
Night Flying 175
AIR LAW 177
Tips For Reading Legal Stuff 178
Enforcement 178
Documents & Admin 178
Return of Documents 178
Suspension, Cancellation, Renewal 178
Record Keeping 179
Examinations 179
Prerequisites - 401.13/421.13 179
Proof of Citizenship and Age 180
Medicals 180
Category 3 180
Category 4 180
Recreational Pilot Permit 181
Aeroplane - 421.22 181
Helicopter - 421.23 181
Private Pilot Licence - 401/421.26 181
Privileges 181
Age 182
Medical Fitness and Validity 182
Knowledge 182
Experience 182
Skill 182
Credits 182
Reimbursement of Costs 183
Foreign Licences - 421.07 183
Night Rating - 401.42/421.42 183
Recency - 401.05/421.05 184
Personal Logs - 421.08 185
VFR OTT Rating - 401.44/421.44 186
Knowledge 186
Experience 186
Skill 186
Credits 186
Credits for DND Applicants 186
Credits for Foreign Applicants 186
Table of Contents vii
Flight Instructor Ratings— 401.61 186
Class 4 - 421.69/77 186
Class 3 - 421.70/78 188
Class 2 - 421.71/79 189
Class 1 -421.72/421.80 189
Commercial Air Services 190
The Rules In General 190
Private Pilots 191
Crew Members At Controls 191
Right of Way—602.19 191
Aerodromes & Airports 192
Wind Direction Indicator - 301.06 193
Lighting - 301.07 193
Operations at or near aerodromes 194
Controlled Aerodromes 194
Uncontrolled Aerodromes 194
Controlled Airports 195
Standard Traffic Circuit – RAC 4.5.2 196
Helicopters 196
Heliports 196
Noise Criteria 197
Runways & Taxiways 197
Contamination 198
Markings & Signals 198
Aircraft Operating Over Water 199
Passengers in Single-Engined Aircraft - 703.22/24 199
VFR Minimum Vis—Uncontrolled Airspace - 702.17/722.17 199
Aeroplanes 199
Helicopters - 723.28 200
Night, VFR OTT and IFR (OTT) 200
Single-engine aircraft VFR at night or IFR – Passenger Transport 200
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