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(especially when winds will be high,
in which case consider picketing as
well), and all doors, hatches and
windows should be closed when the
aircraft is left unattended.
Control stops are devices that restrict a
control's range of operation.
Anti-collision lights should be
switched on immediately before
starting engines, but it is suggested
(like the military) that this be done
immediately the aircraft is occupied,
always having due regard for the
capabilities of your battery. Speaking
of which, always leave the anti-col
light switches on when leaving the
aircraft, because that lets you know
you've left the Master switch on.
Don't forget taxying procedures,
such as not using the brakes too
much, or using aircraft momentum
when turning corners to save using
the engine. Engine runups (like on
power checks) should be done into
wind for better engine cooling and
least strain on the prop, and away
from loose items on the ground,
both to protect people behind and
the prop, as the airflow around the
tips will tend to pull bits of gravel etc
towards it, and cause damage.
When tyres touch the runway, and
have to spin rapidly in a short time,
they can creep round the wheel rim.
Aside from stressing the tyre, it can
also force the valve assembly to one
side, so it is usual to monitor creep
by checking the alignment marks on
the tyre that are placed on it when
the tyre is fitted:
Lastly, let me mention oil cans,
which come sealed so you need a
special implement to open them.
Actually, you can use a screwdriver,
but whatever you use, don't bang it
down on the lid, but gently prise it
open. This stops you getting slivers
of metal in the oil which may
disagree with your engine.
Instruments
Before we start:
The instrument experience you get on your
basic licence course does not qualify you for
proper instrument flying! You must learn
to overcome many of your body's
limitation to do it properly.
OK, having said that, flight
instruments are in a common
format, called a T arrangement:
I know it doesn't look like one, but
ignore the bottom right and left for
the moment. The artificial horizon is in
the centre, because it is a primary
instrument (it tells you which way is
up), the heading indicator is below, No
1 altimeter at the top right, with the
vertical speed indicator below, and the
airspeed indicator is at the top left with
the turn coordinator underneath.
A primary instrument is one which
gives instant and constant readouts
(also direct). A secondary instrument is
one that you have to deduce things
from, such as the altimeter
increasing, telling you that the pitch
must have changed (you might also
say that the altimeter gives you an
indirect indication of pitch attitude).
The ASI and VSI also give indirect
indications of pitch, and the HI and
TC indicate bank. Note also that a
primary instrument will tell you at
what rate things are changing, but a
secondary one will only indicate that
change is taking place.
They are further grouped under the
headings of pitch, bank and power.
Pitch
· Artificial Horizon (Attitude
Indicator). The most important
pitch instrument, because it
gives direct, instantaneous
readings.
66 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
· Altimeter. Although it indicates
pitch indirectly, it is a primary
pitch instrument.
· Airspeed Indicator. A secondary
pitch instrument.
· Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI). A
secondary pitch instrument.
Bank
· Artificial Horizon (Attitude
Indicator). Also the most
important bank instrument, for
similar reasons to pitch.
· Heading Indicator. An indirect
instrument, because if you
change heading, pitch must be
involved somewhere.
· Turn Coordinator. As it shows a
rate of turn (3° per second for
rate 1), it is an indirect
indication of bank.
Power
Not in the traditional T, but you
have to keep an eye on them anyway.
· Engine RPM. Direct indication
of power. Turbines rotate so
fast that the numbers are too
large to make sense of, so
percentages are used instead
(that is, 100% means full
power). In a helicopter, the
engine and rotor RPM needles
usually sit on top of each other
in the same instrument,
although they can be separate.
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