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heart and enhances the blood flow,
which helps when you get hypoxia.
More of this below.
Psychological Factors
That which influences, or ends to
influence, the mind or emotions. We
are concerned with them, because
they can influence the way we
interpret information on which we
base decisions.
The thing is, with both optical and
aural stimuli (discussed above), the
processing is done in the brain,
which uses past experience to
interpret what it senses – it therefore
has expectations. Even though the
transmissions are bad, we often fill
in gaps in messages from ATC
because we have heard them before
and know what to expect. Similarly,
when sitting in a train, we think we
are moving, when all the time it is
the other train. Because the ears are
also our organs of balance, we can
suffer illusions of movement.
Stress
Flying is stressful, there's no doubt
about that, but should stress be a
problem? It's arguable that a little is
good for you; it stops you slowing
down and keeps you on your toes;
this is the sort associated with
success. Excessive stress, on the
other hand, in the form of pressure
(that is, stress without respite) can
lead to fatigue, anxiety and inability
to cope, and is associated with
frustration or failure.
Stress and preoccupation have their
effects; a PA31 pilot was doing a
cargo flight with three scheduled
stops, but he did not refuel or even
shut down at any of them, so both
engines stopped after the last
delivery. He was anxious to get
home as his wife was in hospital.
Human Factors 261
Fight and flight responses are bodily
changes that prepare it for action –
adrenaline starts to pump and many
other changes take place as well,
including a rise of sugar in the blood.
When under stress you may well
revert to former training – watch out
for those levers in the wrong place
on the new machine!
What is Excessive Stress?
Anything that has a sufficiently
strong influence to take your
mind off the job in hand, or to
make you concentrate less well
on it. Not only are you not
doing your job properly, but
subconsciously feel guilty about
it, too, which is enough to set
up a little stress all of its own.
We all like to feel we are doing
the best we can possibly do, and
it disturbs our self-image to feel
that we're not. Consequently we
get angry at ourselves for being
in such a position, which
increases the stress, which
further takes us away from the
job, and so it circulates.
Common situations causing this
are:
· Grief
· Divorce
· Financial worries
· Working conditions
· Management pressure
· Pride
· Anger
· Get-home-it is
· Motivation
· Doubts (about abilities, etc)
· Timetable
· Passengers expectations
and timetables
Particular to aviation is trying to
beat the weather, not having
enough fuel and flying when ill.
All of these lead to anxiety,
which is really based on fear, if
you think about it. As anxiety
can cause stress, you get a
circulating problem. You could
probably think of more. People
have their own ways of dealing
with stress, so what works for
one does not necessarily for
someone else. This is possibly
because of the evaluation of the
stress that that particular person
has, i.e. whether they feel they
can cope and their perception
of the problem.
It is perception of demands and
abilities, rather than actual
problems that affect the
individual. If you feel you are
capable, your stress level will be
relatively low.
Symptoms of stress include:
· Detachment
· Failure to perceive time
· Fixation of attention
· Personality changes
· Voice pitch changes
· Desire for isolation
· Reduced cognitive ability
· Poor emotional self-control
· Unsafe cavalier attitude
262 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Coping With Stress
You can either adjust to the
situation, or change the
situation itself. The willingness
to recognise stress and to do
something about it must be
there; for example, if you don't
admit there's a problem at
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