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anybody else who can help you
deliver the end product, which is:
. . Safe Arrival!
Very few people travel just for the
sake of it, unless you own a Pitts.
Everything else is subordinate to
this, including pride and increasing
your qualifications and experience.
Remember that the general public
are paying your wages.
ATC are there to help if you've got a
problem. They will check your
landing gear is down, file a flight
Human Factors 239
plan and check out the weather,
although a lot of this could be done
by the Company if they've got a
radio frequency.
The best way out of trouble is not to
get into it, which is easier said than
done with an intimidating passenger
or management. You, the pilot, are
the decision-maker – in fact, under
the Chicago Convention (Annex 2,
Chapter 2), your word is law until
overturned within 3 months by a
person with a lawful interest.
However, the other side of the coin
is that you are liable for what goes
on – in fact, in aviation, the buck
very definitely stops at the bottom.
To do this properly, we need to look
at Man, the machine and the
environment - hopefully you know
all about the machine – we will
therefore concentrate on the other
two.
Decisions, Decisions
Your licence means the authorities
consider you to have enough training
to make decisions – however, it
cannot, and does not, cater for every
situation.
Aviation is noticeable for its almost
constant decision making. As you fly
along, particularly in a helicopter,
you're probably updating your next
engine-off landing point every five
seconds or so. Or maybe you're
keeping an eye on your fuel and
continually calculating your
endurance in view of unexpected
weather. It all adds to the many tasks
you're meant to keep up to date
with, because the situation is always
changing. In fact, a decision not to
make a decision (i.e. wait a while for
developments) is also a decision,
always being aware that we don’t
want indecision. To drive a car 1
mile, you must process 12,000 pieces
of information – that's 200 per
second at 60 mph! It has to be worse
with flying, and possibly over our
limits – we can begin to see that our
capability of processing information
is actually quite marginal.
A decision is actually the end result
of a chain of events involving
judgment. The process involves not
only our eyes and ears which gather
data, but our attention, which should
not be preoccupied all the time. The
human body is not multi-tasking,
and to keep track of what's going on
it's necessary to split your attention
for a short period between
everything; typically a split second at
a time – although decision making is
a process involving several steps,
things happen simultaneously, so it's
important not to get fixated on one
thing at the expense of another,
which is typically what happens
when flying in bad weather
(remember the 1011). Gather all the
information you can in the time
available or, better still, get in the
habit of updating information you're
likely to need in an emergency as the
flight progresses.
In flight, you take on the role of an
information processor – in this, you
has a unique talent, in that a decision
can be made without all the relevant
information. If you were to ask a
computer to choose between a clock
that was gaining five minutes a day,
and one that had stopped
completely, it would probably
choose the one that had stopped,
because it was accurate twice a day,
as opposed to once every 60 days or
so. The point is that machines
240 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
cannot discriminate, and they need
all irrelevant information, which is
good if you just want them to report
facts, as with instruments, but not if
you want them to make decisions.
In fact, the steps are to:
· Gather relevant information –
using your senses (which may
be wrong)
· Process it – keeping situational
awareness (i.e. keep the big
picture going and don't get
fixated)
· Make a decision – but other
factors may affect its quality
· Act on that decision – although
other factors may affect your
ability to implement it
The above steps are not rigid, but
may be merged or even repeated
during a situation. It can be made
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