曝光台 注意防骗
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can best be described as a flame in a
tube, under some control, of course.
These need a rundown period which
should be observed, otherwise
carbon will form on the igniter and
stop it from reigniting.
A turbine powered machine can use
bleed air from the engine, which can
be mixed with outside air to regulate
the temperature.
Fire Detection
Fire has three elements—fuel,
oxygen and the heat. Take one away
and it stops. With dangerous goods,
you can get fire from the reaction of
flammable materials with an
oxidising agent – you don’t
necessarily need a source of ignition.
A Class A fire is an ordinary one,
that is, of normal combustible
material on which water is most
effective. A Class B fire is in a
flammable liquid, such as oil or
grease, where you would probably
use a blanket. A Class C fire is
electrical, for which you need a nonconducting
extinguisher. For the
latter two, you could use either CO2
or Dry Powder (which ruins the
avionics), but the fumes may be
toxic, so you will need plenty of
ventilation afterwards. You can use
Halon on anything, if you're allowed
to use it. A Class D covers other
materials, like metals, that may burn
if persuaded.
To help you identify the source,
smoke associated with electrical fires
is usually grey or tan and very
irritating to the nose or eyes (it
doesn't smell too good, either).
Anything else (say from the heater)
tends to be white, but you may get
some black from upholstery.
If you think you have an electrical
fire, it's no good just using the
extinguisher, because you may be
treating the symptom and not the
62 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
cause, although there is a school of
thought that advocates not using an
extinguisher at all if you can possibly
help it, due to the fumes and stuff
you have to breathe in until you
land. Whatever you do, transmit a
Mayday before it’s too late—you can
always downgrade it afterwards. Bear
in mind also that your first strike
with your extinguisher is the best,
because the contents and pressure
decrease from then on.
Next, put an oxygen or smoke mask
on, if you have one, then bring on
essential electrics one at a time until
the smoke appears again.
On the ground, engine fire drills may
vary considerably between different
types, and these will have to be
memorized, but there are some
general points that can be made.
One is, before evacuating the
aircraft, make sure the parking brake
is off, so it can be moved
somewhere safer if things get out of
hand, always being aware that it
could run off by itself, as well! If the
fire has been caused by spilt fuel, has
spread to the ground under the wing
and the other engine has been
started, taxi clear of the area (or
more specifically, the fuel on the
ground) before evacuation, keeping
the fire on the downwind side. If the
other engine has not been started,
evacuate first, carrying out what
drills you can.
If you can, use the radio to summon
help, and take the extinguisher.
Remember that human beings en
masse need very different handling
than when encountered singly.
In the air, initial shut down actions
are similar everywhere—after
performing vital actions from
memory (e.g. identifying the source
and all that), refer to the checklist to
see if you haven't forgotten anything.
If the engine has been secured
promptly, the fire should go out
quickly after the fuel supply has been
cut off. You will find, however, that
structural failure of the wing will be
imminent after about two minutes if
the fire is uncontrolled, which is a
sobering enough thought to make
you commence emergency descent
IMMEDIATELY, no matter how
good it looks.
If you've got fire extinguishers in the
engine bays, delay actuating them
until the engine has been secured
and you've no reason to suspect a
false alarm; that is, unless you can
actually see signs of a fire. In the
cabin, whether in the air or on the
ground, the priority is to get out, and
as soon as possible, because if the
flames don't get you, the fumes will.
The only difference between the two
situations is how quickly this can be
done, and what you can do about it.
Heat sensors can be found in many
engine compartments, with smoke
detectors in cabins, toilets, or
anywhere convenient. Infra red
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