曝光台 注意防骗
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and 1800 UTC, so expect to see a
grand total of 24 pieces of paper
across your desk in the course of a
day. One GFA will therefore consist
of 6, which is what you will get in
the exam.
The period covered is 12 hours for
each issue, with an IFR outlook for
another 12 under the comment box,
although it's possible that new charts
will have been issued. If amended,
they will have the letters CCA for
the first revision, CCB for the
second, and so on, in the first line of
the title box.
As mentioned, you will get three sets
of two, for the start, middle and end
of the period. Of each group, one
will show clouds and weather, whilst
the other shows what you might
expect in terms of icing, turbulence
and freezing level.
Naturally, over a fax line from a
flight service station, all you will get
is black and white, and probably not
very readable at that, but colour ones
are available at the NAV Canada site,
www.navcanada.ca/flight/index.
htm.
Weather 105
The Charts
This is a clouds and weather chart.
This one is for icing and turbulence:
When asked to check the weather at
a certain time (it will usually be near
the end of the period), don't do the
computations from the first GFA
chart, but the one just before. Get
used to making deductions, as a
typical question might ask for the
conditions in a descent just when the
edge of a cloud area is over the
destination, so your interpolations
need to be correct.
The chart itself is split into several
areas:
· The information box (the big one
on the left) contains the
pictures.
· In the title box at the top right is
the chart name, based on the
GFA domain, with the type of
chart, underneath which are the
issue and valid times.
· A limited supply of symbols is in
the legend box, with a scale in nm.
· The comments box contains any
the forecaster cares to make.
· The IFR Outlook is a summary
for the 12 hours afterwards.
Points to note (for exams):
· Heights are above sea level,
unless noted otherwise, and in
hundreds of feet. Only base and
tops of clouds are given.
Scalloped areas indicate
organised clouds.
· Visibility is given only when
below 6 statute miles. Over that,
it is shown as P6SM.
· Wind is given only above 20 kts,
or if gusts are 30 kts or more.
· All fronts are included, as are
highs and lows. As with normal
weather maps, isobars are 4 mb
apart. There will be an arrow
with a number next to it,
showing the direction and speed
of movement (on the exam,
don't just deduce it from the
first chart – look at all the charts
before answering a question
about this). The letters QS
mean Quasi-Stationary where
movement is less than 5 kts.
106 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
· Use the abbreviations in TAFs
and METARs to describe
ground-based layers such as fog
(but see the table below). Again,
only mentioned when the
visibility is expected to be less
than 6 sm.
· Only moderate or severe icing is
shown, although bases, tops and
type will be covered. Icing areas
are surrounded with blue dots.
· Only moderate or severe
turbulence is shown, together
with its type, such as CAT, etc.
Bases and tops are shown the
same way as clouds are.
· The freezing level is a red
dashed line used like a contour,
beginning at the surface and
continuing at 2,500 feet
intervals.
Clouds
Tops and bottoms of forecast clouds
will be shown, up to 24,000 feet
ASL, but the tops of convective
clouds will be shown above that
(cirrus clouds are not shown at all).
Convective clouds will also be
named – other types will be only
when significant. The borders will be
enclosed in scallops containing a
description and the heights in
hundreds of feet:
In this case, the bottoms of broken
cu will be 2,000 feet, and the tops at
8,000.
Where the visibility is expected to be
over 6 miles, and organised clouds
not forecast, there will be no border,
but a statement of SKC, FEW or
SCT. Multiple cloud layers are
indicated separately inside, based on
the amount at that level, not the
total. Surface-based layers are shown
as OBSCD (obscured).
Visibility
Given in statute miles, up to 6.
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