美国航行情报汇编 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION AIP 1(168)

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EXAMPLE.
7SM . . . . . . . . . seven statute miles 15SM . . . . . . . . fifteen statute miles 1/2SM . . . . . . . . one.half statute mile
30.3.6.1 Tower/Surface Visibility. If either tower or surface visibility is below 4 statute miles, the lesser of the 2 will be reported in the body of the report; the greater will be reported in remarks.
30.3.6.2 Automated Visibility. ASOS/AWSS vis-ibility stations will show visibility 10 or greater than 10 miles as “10SM.” AWOS visibility stations will show visibility less than 1/4 statute mile as “M1/4SM” and visibility 10 or greater than 10 miles as “10SM.”
30.3.6.3 Variable Visibility. Variable visibility is shown in remarks when rapid increase or decrease by 1/2 statute mile or more and the average prevailing visibility is less than 3 statute miles; e.g., VIS 1V2 means “visibility variable between 1 and 2 statute miles.”
30.3.6.4 Sector Visibility. Sector visibility is shown in remarks when it differs from the prevailing visibility, and either the prevailing or sector visibility is less than 3 statute miles.
EXAMPLE.
VIS N2 . . . . . . . visibility north two

30.3.7 Runway Visual Range (when reported).
“R” identifies the group followed by the runway heading (and parallel runway designator, if needed) “/” and the visual range in feet (meters in other countries) followed with “FT.” (“Feet” is not spoken.)
30.3.7.1 Variability Values. When RVR varies by more than on reportable value, the lowest and highest values are shown with “V” between them.
30.3.7.2 Maximum/Minimum Range. “P” indic-ates an observed RVR is above the maximum value for this system (spoken as “more than”). “M” indicates an observed RVR is below the minimum value which can be determined by the system (spoken as “less than”).
EXAMPLE.
R32L/1200FT . Runway Three Two Left R.V.R one thousand two hundred
R27R/M1000V4000FT . Runway Two Seven Right R.V.R variable from less than one thousand to four thousand.
30.3.8 Weather Phenomena. In METAR, weather is reported in the format:
Intensity / Proximity / Descriptor /
Precipitation / Obstruction to Visibility /
Other
NOTE.
The “/” above and in the following descriptions (except as the separator between the temperature and dew point) are for separation purposes in this publication and do not appear in the actual METARs.
30.3.8.1 Intensity applies only to the first type of precipitation reported. A “.” denotes light, no symbol denotes moderate, and a “+” denotes heavy.
30.3.8.2 Proximity applies to and is reported only for weather occurring in the vicinity of the airport (between 5 and 10 miles of the point(s) of observation). It is denoted by the letters “VC.” (Intensity and “VC” will not appear together in the weather group.)
30.3.8.3 Descriptor. These eight descriptors apply to the precipitation or obstructions to visibility:
TS  thunderstorm 
DR  low drifting 
SH  showers 
MI  shallow 
FZ  freezing 
BC  patches 
BL  blowing 
PR  partial 

NOTE.
Although “TS” and “SH” are used with precipitation and may be preceded with an intensity symbol, the intensity still applies to the precipitation not the descriptor.
30.3.8.4 Precipitation. There are nine types of precipitation in the METAR code:
RA  rain 
DZ  drizzle 
SN  snow 
GR  hail (1/4 or greater) 
GS  small hail/snow pellets 
PL  ice pellets 
SG  snow grains 
IC  ice crystals 
UP  unknown precipitation (automated stations only) 

EXAMPLE.

TSRA  thunderstorm with moderate rain 
+SN  heavy snow 
.RA FG  light rain and fog 
BRHZ  mist and haze (visibility 5/8 mile or greater) 
FZDZ  freezing drizzle 
VCSH  rain shower in the vicinity 
+SHRASNPL  heavy rain showers, snow, ice pellets (Intensity indicator refers to the predominant rain.) 

30.3.8.5 Obstructions to Visibility. Obscurations are any phenomena in the atmosphere, other than precipitation, that reduce horizontal visibility. There are eight types of obscuration phenomena in the METAR code:
FG  fog (visibility less than 5/8 mile) 
HZ  haze 
FU  smoke 
PY  spray 
BR  mist (visibility 5/8.6 miles) 
SA  sand 
DU  dust 
VA  volcanic ash 

NOTE.
　
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