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EXAMPLE.
Fly 3,000 feet at 10 miles from touchdown, 1,500 feet at 5 miles, 1,200 feet at 4 miles, and so on to touchdown.
29.8.6.2 If the pilot of the lighter following aircraft has visual contact with the preceding heavier aircraft and also with the runway, the pilot may further adjust for possible wake vortex turbulence by the following practices:
a) Pick a point of landing no less than 1,000 feet from the arrival end of the runway.
b) Establish a line.of.sight to that landing point that is above and in front of the heavier preceding aircraft.
c) When possible, note the point of landing of the heavier preceding aircraft and adjust point of intended landing as necessary.
EXAMPLE.
A puff of smoke may appear at the 1,000.foot markings of the runway, showing that touchdown was at that point; therefore, adjust point of intended landing to the 1,500.foot markings.
d) Maintain the line.of.sight to the point of intended landing above and ahead of the heavier preceding aircraft; maintain it to touchdown.
e) Land beyond the point of landing of the preceding heavier aircraft.
29.8.7 During visual approaches pilots may ask ATC for updates on separation and groundspeed with respect to heavier preceding aircraft, especially when there is any question of safe separation from wake turbulence.
29.9 Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations
29.9.1 Because of the possible effects of wake turbulence, controllers are required to apply no less than specified minimum separation for aircraft operating behind a heavy jet and, in certain instances, behind large nonheavy aircraft; i.e., B757 aircraft.
29.9.1.1 Separation is applied to aircraft operating directly behind a heavy and/or B757 jet at the same altitude or less than 1,000 feet below:
a) Heavy jet behind heavy jet.4 miles.
b) Large/heavy behind B757 . 4 miles.
c) Small behind B757.5 miles.
d) Small/large aircraft behind heavy jet . 5 miles.
29.9.1.2 Also, separation, measured at the time the preceding aircraft is over the landing threshold, is provided to small aircraft:
a) Small aircraft landing behind heavy jet . 6 miles.
b) Small aircraft landing behind B757 . 5 miles.
c) Small aircraft landing behind large air-craft . 4 miles.
NOTE.
Aircraft classes are listed in the Pilot/Controller Glossary in the Aeronautical Information Manual.
29.9.1.3 Additionally, appropriate time or distance intervals are provided to departing aircraft. Two minutes or the appropriate 4 or 5 mile radar separation when takeoff behind a heavy/B757 jet will be:
a) From the same threshold.
b) On a crossing runway and projected flight paths will cross.
c) From the threshold of a parallel runway when staggered ahead of that of the adjacent runway by less than 500 feet and when the runways are separated by less than 2,500 feet.
NOTE.
Controllers may not reduce or waive these intervals.
29.9.2 A 3.minute interval will be provided for a small aircraft taking off:
29.9.2.1 From an intersection on the same runway (same or opposite direction) behind a departing large aircraft.
29.9.2.2 In the opposite direction on the same runway behind a large aircraft takeoff or low/missed approach.
NOTE.
This 3.minute interval may be waived upon specific pilot request.
29.9.3 A 3.minute interval will be provided for all aircraft taking off when the operations are as described in paragraph 29.9.2 above, the preceding aircraft is a heavy and/or a B757 jet, and the operations are on either the same runway or parallel runways separated by less than 2,500 feet. Controllers may not reduce or waive this interval.
29.9.4 Pilots may request additional separation; i.e., 2 minutes instead of 4 or 5 miles for wake turbulence avoidance. This request should be made as soon as practical on ground control and at least before taxiing onto the runway.
NOTE.
Federal Aviation Administration Regulations state: “The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for and is the final authority as to the operation of that aircraft.”
29.9.5
Controllers may anticipate separation and need not withhold a takeoff clearance for an aircraft departing behind a large/heavy aircraft if there is reasonable assurance the required separation will exist when the departing aircraft starts takeoff roll.
30.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats
30.1 The U.S. uses the ICAO world standard for aviation weather reporting and forecasting. The utilization of terminal forecasts affirms U.S. commitment to a single global format for aviation weather. The World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) publication No. 782, “Aerodrome Reports and Forecasts,” contains the base METAR and TAF code as adopted by the WMO member countries.
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