美国航行情报汇编 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION AIP 1(106)

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NOTE.
The exchange of information between an aircraft and an ARTCC through an FSS is quicker than relay via company radio because the FSS has direct interphone lines to the responsible ARTCC sector. Accordingly, when circum-stances dictate a choice between the two, during an ARTCC frequency outage, relay via FSS radio is recommended.
5. Radio Communications Failure
5.1 Pilots of IFR flights experiencing two.way radio failure are expected to adhere to the procedures prescribed in GEN 3.4, paragraph 12.
REFERENCE.
14 CFR Section 91.185
6. Position Reporting
6.1 The safety and effectiveness of traffic control depends to a large extent on accurate position reporting. In order to provide the proper separation and expedite aircraft movements, ATC must be able to make accurate estimates of the progress of every aircraft operating on an IFR flight plan.
6.2 Position Identification
6.2.1 When a position report is to be made passing a VOR radio facility, the time reported should be the time at which the first complete reversal of the “to/from” indicator is accomplished.
6.2.2 When a position report is made passing a facility by means of an airborne automatic direction finder (ADF), the time reported should be the time at which the indicator makes a complete reversal.
6.2.3 When an aural or light.panel indication is used to determine the time passing a reporting point, such as a fan marker, Z marker, cone of silence or intersection of range courses, the time should be noted when the signal is first received and again when it ceases. The mean of these two times should then be taken as the actual time over the fix.
6.2.4 If a position is given with respect to distance and direction from a reporting point, the distance and direction should be computed as accurately as possible.
6.2.5 Except for terminal transition purposes, position reports or navigation with reference to aids not established for use in the structure in which flight is being conducted will not normally be required by ATC.
6.3 Position Reporting Points
6.3.1 Federal Aviation Regulations require pilots to maintain a listening watch on the appropriate frequency and, unless operating under the provisions of subparagraph 6.4, to furnish position reports passing certain reporting points. Reporting points are indicated by symbols on en route charts. The designated compulsory reporting point symbol is the
solid triangle

; the “on request” reporting point symbol is the open triangle

. Reports passing an “on request” reporting point are only necessary when requested by ATC.
6.4 Position Reporting Requirements
6.4.1 Flights Along Airways or Routes. A position report is required by all flights regardless of altitude, including those operating in accordance with an ATC clearance specifying “VFR.on.top,” over each designated compulsory reporting point along the route being flown.

6.4.2 Flight Along a Direct Route. Regardless of the altitude or flight level being flown, including flights operating in accordance with an ATC clearance specifying “VFR.on.top,” pilots shall report over each reporting point used in the flight plan to define the route of flight.
6.4.3 Flights in a Radar Environment. When informed by ATC that their aircraft are in “RADAR CONTACT,” PILOTS SHOULD DISCONTINUE POSITION REPORTS OVER DESIGNATED RE-PORTING POINTS. They should resume normal position reporting when ATC advises “RADAR CONTACT LOST” or “RADAR SERVICE TERMI-NATED.”
NOTE.
ATC will inform pilots that they are in “radar contact”
(a) When their aircraft is initially identified in the ATC system; and (b) When radar identification is reestablished after radar service has been terminated or radar contact has been lost. Subsequent to being advised that the controller has established radar contact, this fact will not be repeated to the pilot when handed off to another controller. At times, the aircraft identity will be confirmed by the receiving controller; however, this should not be construed to mean that radar contact has been lost. The identity of transponder.equipped aircraft will be con-firmed by asking the pilot to “ident, squawk standby,” or to change codes. Aircraft without transponders will be advised of their position to confirm identity. In this case, the pilot is expected to advise the controller if in disagreement with the position given. If the pilot cannot confirm the accuracy of the position given because of not being tuned to the NAVAID referenced by the controller, the pilot should ask for another radar position relative to the tuned in NAVAID.
6.5 Position Report Items
6.5.1 Position reports should include the follow-ing items:
6.5.1.1 Identification.
6.5.1.2 Position.
6.5.1.3 Time.
6.5.1.4 Altitude or flight level (Include actual altitude or flight level when operating on a clearance specifying “VFR.on.top.”).
　
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