19.3 Mandatory MET Reporting Points Within the Miami FIR
Point For Flights Between
Grand Turk New York and Aruba, Curacao, Kingston, Miami and Belem, St. Thomas, Rio de Janeiro, San Paulo, St. Croix, Kingston and Bermuda.
GRATX Madrid and Miami, Havana.
MAPYL New York and Guayaquil, Montego Bay, Panama, Lima, Atlanta and San Juan.
RESIN New Orleans and San Juan.
SLAPP New York and Aruba, Curacao, Kingston, Port.au.Prince. Bermuda and Freeport, Nassau. New York and Barranquilla, Bogota, Santo Domingo, Washington and Santo Domingo, Atlanta and San Juan.
19.4 Mandatory MET Reporting Points Within the San Juan FIR
Point For Flights Between
GRANN Toronto and Barbados, New York and Fort de France. At intersection of routes A321, A523, G432.
KRAFT San Juan and Buenos Aires, Caracas, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Maarten, San Juan, Kingston and Bermuda.
PISAX New York and Barbados, Fort de France, Bermuda and Antigua, Barbados.
TBL GEN 3.5.8
Intensity Ice Accumulation
Trace Ice becomes perceptible. Rate of accumulation slightly greater than rate of sublimation. Deicing/anti.icing equipment is not utilized unless encountered for an extended period of time (over 1 hour).
Light The rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is prolonged in this environment (over 1 hour). Occasional use of deicing/anti.icing equipment removes/prevents accumulation. It does not present a problem if the deicing/anti.icing equipment is used.
Moderate The rate of accumulation is such that even short encounters become potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti.icing equipment or diversion is necessary.
Severe The rate of accumulation is such that deicing/anti.icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard. Immediate diversion is necessary.
Pilot Report: Aircraft Identification, Location, Time (UTC), Intensity of Type1, Altitude/FL, Aircraft Type, Indicated Air Speed (IAS), and Outside Air Temperature (OAT)2 .
1Rime or Clear Ice: Rime ice is a rough, milky, opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water droplets. Clear ice is a glossy, clear, or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow freezing of large supercooled water droplets.
2The Outside Air Temperature (OAT) should be requested by the AFSS/FSS or ATC if not included in the PIREP.
20. PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing
20.1 The effects of ice accretion on aircraft are: cumulative.thrust is reduced, drag increases, lift lessens, weight increases. The results are an increase in stall speed and a deterioration of aircraft performance. In extreme cases, 2 to 3 inches of ice can form on the leading edge of the airfoil in less than 5 minutes. It takes but 1/2 inch of ice to reduce the lifting power of some aircraft by 50 percent and to increase the frictional drag by an equal percentage.
20.2 A pilot can expect icing when flying in visible precipitation, such as rain or cloud droplets, and the temperature is between +02 and .10 degrees Celsius.
When icing is detected, a pilot should do one of two things (particularly if the aircraft is not equipped with deicing equipment). The pilot should get out of the area of precipitation or go to an altitude where the temperature is above freezing. This “warmer” altitude may not always be a lower altitude. Proper preflight action includes obtaining information on the freezing level and the above.freezing levels in precipitation areas. Report the icing to an ATC or FSS facility, and if operating IFR, request new routing or altitude if icing will be a hazard. Be sure to give the type of aircraft to ATC when reporting icing. TBL GEN 3.5.8, describes how to report icing conditions.
21. Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms
See TBL GEN 3.5.9, Icing Types, and TBL GEN 3.5.10, Icing Conditions.
TBL GEN 3.5.9
Icing Types
Clear Ice See Glaze Ice.
Glaze Ice Ice, sometimes clear and smooth, but usually containing some air pockets, which results in a lumpy translucent appearance. Glaze ice results from supercooled drops/droplets striking a surface but not freezing rapidly on contact. Glaze ice is denser, harder, and sometimes more transparent than rime ice. Factors, which favor glaze formation, are those that favor slow dissipation of the heat of fusion (i.e., slight supercooling and rapid accretion). With larger accretions, the ice shape typically includes “horns” protruding from unprotected leading edge surfaces. It is the ice shape, rather than the clarity or color of the ice, which is most likely to be accurately assessed from the cockpit. The terms “clear” and “glaze” have been used for essentially the same type of ice accretion, although some reserve “clear” for thinner accretions which lack horns and conform to the airfoil.
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