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5 Principles of Lean Thinking
Value – Identifying the steps that the customer
really cares about
Value Stream – Aligning the value adding
activities
Flow – Making sure we don’t have gaps between
Value Adding steps
Pull – Triggering every flow from actual demand
Perfection – Continuous improvement forever
source: LEAN THINKING, Womack and Jones, 1996.
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Deliverables
Agree on the Key Performance
Measures
Three Value Stream Maps
Baseline current performance against
Key Performance Measures
Rapid Improvement Plan
conducted with leadership team
Value Stream Analysis
Approach for Success
Value Stream Analysis avoids drive by Kaizen
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© Simpler Consulting, Inc 1996-2008 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
For the Express Use of Simpler Members Only
Overhauling
Helicopter
Transmissions
® Simpler
Tool
Beliefs Techniques
© 1996-2008 Simpler Business System® 11.0
© Simpler Consulting, Inc 1996-2008 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
For the Express Use of Simpler Members Only
Order Processing
Criteria Before After
Throughout time 4.5 days 4 hours
WIP 40 jobs 10 jobs
Touch time 150 mins 10 mins
Hand-offs 6 2
Travel distance 108 m 28 m
Standard work No Yes
Single Piece Flow No Yes
® Simpler
Tool
Beliefs Techniques
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© Simpler Consulting, Inc 1996-2008 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
For the Express Use of Simpler Members Only
Separate enquiry desk (non-routine work)
Dedicated flow for routine tasks)
Team based levelling system
Visually posted standard work
AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE ASSUMPTION
OF INDEPENDENCE IN MULTI-VERSION PROGRAMMING*
John C. Knight Nancy G. Leveson
Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science
University of Virginia University of California
Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903 Irvine, California, 92717
(804) 924-7605 (714) 856-5517
ABSTRACT
N-version programming has been proposed as a method of incorporating fault tolerance into software.
Multiple versions of a program (i.e. ‘‘N’’) are prepared and executed in parallel. Their outputs are collected
and examined by a voter, and, if they are not identical, it is assumed that the majority is correct. This
method depends for its reliability improvement on the assumption that programs that have been developed
independently will fail independently. In this paper an experiment is described in which the fundamental
axiom is tested. A total of twenty seven versions of a program were prepared independently from the same
specification at two universities and then subjected to one million tests. The results of the tests revealed
that the programs were individually extremely reliable but that the number of tests in which more than one
program failed was substantially more than expected. The results of these tests are presented along with an
analysis of some of the faults that were found in the programs. Background information on the
programmers used is also summarized. The conclusion from this experiment is that N-version
programming must be used with care and that analysis of its reliability must include the effect of dependent
errors.
Keywords and Phrases:
Multi-version programming, N-version programming, software reliability, fault-tolerant software,
design diversity.
*This work was sponsored in part by NASA grant number NAG1-242 and in part by a MICRO grant cofunded by the state of
California and Hughes Aircraft Company.
1. INTRODUCTION
Multi-version or N-version programming [1] has been proposed as a method of providing fault
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