R (6) A contamination check of the aircraft must cover all parts of the
R aircraft. You must do this visual inspection from a position which gives a clear view of all surfaces. Because accumulations of clear ice are sometimes not easily visible, it is recommended that critical surfaces (wings, vertical and horizontal stabilizers and rudder) are inspected with your hands.
(7)
Weather conditions determine when the aircraft de-/anti-icing must be carried out.
(8)
During checks on the ground, electrical or mechanical ice-detectors must not replace physical checks.
(9) If the aircraft arrives at the gate with the flaps/slats in a R position other than fully retracted, you must inspect these R flaps/slats, and if necessary de-ice before retraction.
C. De-icing and/or Anti-icing Equipment and Materials
(1) Type I Fluids Type I fluids are normally used for aircraft de-icing and have only a limited effect when used for anti-icing purposes. Type I fluids are normally used for aircraft de-icing. These fluids contain at least 80 % by volume of either :
-Monoethylene-glycol
-Diethylene-glycol
-Monopropylene-glycol
- or a mixture of these glycols.
-The other 20% comprise inhibitors to restrict corrosion and increase the flash-point together with water and wetting agents. These fluids show a low viscosity which only changes with temperature. The freezing point of a water/glycol mixture will vary with the amount of water contained in the fluid. It must be noted that the lowest freezing point of concentrated TYPE I fluid is approximately -10 deg.C (+14.00 deg.F) whereas the lowest temperature protection will be found with a 60%/40% mixture of TYPE I fluid and water whose freezing point will be below -50 deg.C (-
58.00 deg.F). However, due to the lower viscosity, it flows off the wing more easily. Therefore a 50/50 mixture of TYPE I fluids and water is normally used.
R (2) Type II or Type IV fluids contain at least 50% by volume of either :
-Monoethylene-glycol
-Diethylene-glycol
-Monopropylene-glycol
- or a mixture of these glycols.
The other 50% comprises :
-inhibitors to restrict corrosion and increase the flash-point
-water and wetting agents to allow the fluid to form a uniform film over the aircraft surfaces
-thickening agents to enable the fluid to adhere to the aircraft surfaces for longer periods. Type II or Type IV fluids have a longer holdover time than type I fluid.
(3) Fluid dilution Type I, Type II and Type IV fluids can be diluted with water. This may be done if, due to weather conditions, there is no requirement
R for a long conservation time or the higher freezing points are R sufficient for the climatic conditions present.
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