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vertical position or rate. These errors can have effects similar
to the effects of measurement errors. Such errors are most
likely to occur whcn thc altitudc data source is a Gilhm
encoder, and the use of Gilham encoded data for own aircraft
altitude can have serious adverse consequences. When there is
no alternative source than Gilham encoded data, two encoders
must be used and a comparison function in the Mode S
transponder used to detect errors in the altitude data before
they are provided to ACAS.
2.3.3 CREDIBILITOYF OWN AIKCKAFI' AU'I1,YUL)E
orientation transponders (PARROTS) and transponder test
facilities is provided in the Manual of Secorzdaiy Surveillance
Radar (SSK) Systems (Doc 9684').
2.5 Allocation and assignment of
SSR Mode S addresses
To ensure safe operation, the system requires that all Mode Sequipped
aircraft have unique addresses. Multiple aircraft with
the same address or aircraft with addresses not compliant with
Annex 10, Volume III, Part I, Chapter 9, can adversely affect
the surveillance and coordination functions.
2.6 Potential for TCAS I systems to affect
ACAS I1 performance
Note.- For the purpose of this material, TCAS I is defined
as a system that wes SSR interrogations to provide aircrew
with tmjjic alert wurr~ittg informutiorr as arr aid to the "see
and avoid" principle.
Some TCAS I systems employ ACAS II interference limiting
techniques with resolution advisories suppressed. These
systems do not comply with ACAS I SARPs. Because ACAS
II interference limiting relies on direct interaction with other
ACAS II aircraft (using the ACAS broadcast and Mode S
transponder replies), the presence of such TCAS I aircraft can
directly influence the surveillance performance of nearby
ACAS II aircraft. If such TCAS I systems are fitted to aircraft
that are known to operate in close proximity to each other (e.g.
rotorcraft or gliders) then the effect may reduce the
surveillance range of other ACAS I1 aircraft and delay the
provision of collision avoidance warnings. In light of these
concerns, TCAS 1 systems (which employ ACAS I1
interference limiting techniques) must not biused for aircraft
which are known to operate in close proximity to each other
for sustained periods of time. Care must be taken to ensure that
the effect on the SSR electromagnetic environment is
All sources of own altitude data are required to be checked for acceptable, since these TCAS I units may be fitted in very
credibility, including fine altitude data (which can come from large numbers.
various sources: gyro, air data computer, etc.) and radar -.
altitude data.
3. CONSIDERATIONS ON TECHNICAL
IMPLEMENTATION
2.4 Potential for ground-based SSR site
monitors (PARROTS) to cause spurious
traffic and resolution advisories 3.1 System operatiun
An ACAS interrogates all SSR transponders within range,
including ground-based transponder installations used to 3.1.1 SURVEILLANOCFE INTRUDERS
monitor the operation of ground radar systems, or test
transponders. If these ground-based transponders reply with 3.1.1.1 The main purposes of the surveillance processes
false altitude data. the potential exists for an ACAS to generate described below are to obtain position reports and to correlate
spurious TAs and RAs. To prevent this problem, information these to form tracks. This involvcs the use of trackers and
on the operation of position adjustable range reference requires the estimation of rates.
Annex 10 - Aeronautical l'elecommunications Volume ZV
3.1.1.2 The ACAS unit lrlu~s~r~ialsn interrogation
sequence nominally once per second. -The interrogations are
transmitted at a nominal effective radiated power level of +54
+2 dBm as measured at zero degree elevation relative to the
longitudinal axis of the aircraft. When these interrogations are
received by Mode A/C and Mode S altitude reporting
transponders, the transponders transmit replies that report their
altitude. The ACAS unit computes the range of each intruding
aircraft by using the round-trip time between the transmission
of the interrogation and the receipt of the reply. Altitude rate
and range rate are determined by tracking the reply
information.
3.1.1.3 In the absence of interference, overload, interference-
limiting conditions, or other degrading effects, the
equipment will nominally be capable of providing surveillance
for Mode NC and Mode S targets out to a range of 26 km
(14 NM). However, because the surveillance reliability
degrades as the range increases, the equipment should assess
as possible collision threats only those targets within a
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