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CHAPTER 4. AIRBORNE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
Note J.- Guidance material relating to the airborne collision avoidance system is contained in Attachment A.
Note 2.- Non-SI alternative units are used as permitted by Annex 5, Chapter 3, 3.2.2. In limited cases, ro ensure
consistency at the level of the logic calculations, units such as f/s, NM/s and kt/s are used.
4.1 DEFINITIONS RELATING TO
AIRBORNE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
ACAS I. An ACAS which provides information as an aid to "see and avoid" action but does not include the capability for
generating resolution advisories @As).
Note,-- ACAS I is not intended for international implernenrarion and standurdi~ation by ICAO. Tlzerefore, only ACAS I
characreristics required to ensure compatible operation with other ACAS con$gurations and interference limiting are
defined in 4.2.
ACAS II. An ACAS which provides vertical resolution advisories (RAs) in addilion to traffic advisories (TAs)
ACAS ZIZ. An ACAS which provides vertical and horizontal resolution advisories (RAs) in addition to traffic advisories
(TAs).
ACAS broadcast. A long Mode S air-air surveillance interrogation (UF = 16) with the broadcast address.
Active RAC. An RAC is active if it currently constrains the selection of the RA. RACs that have been received within the
last six seconds and have not been explicitly cancelled are active.
Altitude crossing RA. A resolution advisory is altitude crossing if own ACAS aircraft is currently at least 30 m (100 ft)
below or above thc h e a t aircraft for upward or downward sense advisories, respectively.
Climb RA. A positive RA recommending a climb but not an increased climb.
Closest approach. The occurrence of minimum range between own ACAS aircraft and the intruder. Thus range at closest
approach is the smallest range between the two aircraft and time of closest approach is the time at which this occurs.
Coordination. The process by which two ACAS-equipped aircraft select compatible resolution advisories (RAT) by the
exchange of resolution advisory complements (RACs).
Coordination interrogation. A Mode S interrogation (uplink transmission) radiated by ACAS I1 or I11 and containing a
rcsolulion message.
Coordination reply. A Mode S reply (downlink transmission) acknowledging the receipt of a coordination interrogation
by the Mode S transponder that is part of an ACAS I1 or I11 installation.
Corrective RA. A resolution advisory that advises the pilot 10 deviate from the current flight path.
Cycle. The tenn "cycle" used in this chapter refers to one complete pass through the sequence of functions executed by
ACAS I1 or ACAS 111, nominally once a second.
Descend RA. A positive RA recommending a descent but not an increased descent.
Established track. A track generated by ACAS air-air surveillance that is treated as the track of an actual aircraft.
ANNEX 10 - VOLUME IV 4-1 2811 1/02
Annex I0 - Aeronautical Xclecornmunications Volume ZV
Zncreascd rate &AI .re solution advisory with a strength that recommends increasing the altitude rate to a value
exceeding that recommended by a previous climb or descend RA.
Intruder. An SSR transponder-equipped aircraft within the surveillance range of ACAS for which ACAS has an
established track.
Own aircraft. The aircraft fitted with the ACAS that is the subject of the discourse, which ACAS is to protect against
possible collisions, and which may enter a manoeuvre in response to an ACAS indication.
Positive RA. A resolution advisory that advises the pilot either to climb or to descend (applies to ACAS 11).
Potential threat. An intruder deserving special attention either because of its close proximity to own aircraft or because
successive range and altitude measurements indicate that it could be on a collision or near-collision course with own
aircraft. The warning time provided against a potential threat is sufficiently small that a traffic advisory (TA) is justified
but not so small that a resolution advisory (RA) would be justified.
Preventive RA. A resolution advisory that advises the pilot to avoid certain deviations from the current flight path but does
not require any change in the current flight path.
RA sense. The sense of an ACAS II RA is "upward" if it requires climb or limitation of descent rate and "downward" if
it requires descent or limitation of climb rate. It can be both upward and downward simultaneously if it requires
limitation of the vertical rate to a specified range.
Note.- The RA sense may be both upward and downward when, having several simulraneous threats, ACAS generates
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