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fi/s, NM/s and kt/s are used. 1.2.2.1 If the threat detection logic in the ACAS computer
determines that an encounter with a nearby aircraft could lead
to a near-collision or collision, the computer threat resolution
logic determines an appropriate vertical manoeuvre that will
ensure the safe vertical separation of the ACAS aircraft. The
1. EQUIPMENT, FUNCTIONS AND selected manoeuvre ensures adequate vertical separation
CAPABILITIES within constraints imposed by the climb rate capability and
proximity to the ground of the ACAS aircraft.
1.1 ACAS equipment characteristics 1.2.2.2 The RAs provided to the pilot can be divided into
two categories: corrective advisories, which instruct the pilot
1.1.1 ACAS equipment includes an ACAS proccssing to deviate from the current flight path (e.g. "CLIMB" when the
aircraft is in level flight); and preventive advisories, which
unit, Mode S transponder, control unit, appropriate antennas
and means of providing advisories. advise the pilot to maintain or avoid certain vertical speeds
(e.g. "DON'T CLIMB" when the aircraft is in level flight).
1.1.2 ACAS equipment in the aircraft interrogates SSR
transponders on other aircraft in its vicinity and listens for the
transponder replies. By computer analysis of these replies, the
ACAS equipment determines which aircraft represent potential
collision threats and provides appropriate indications
(advisories) to the flight crew to avoid collisions.
1.1.3 ACAS equipment is capable of providing two
classes of advisories. Traffic advisories (TAs) indicate the
approximate positions of intruding aircraft that may later cause
resolution advisories. Resolution advisories (RAs) propose
vertical manoeuvres that are predicted to increase or maintain
separation from threatening aircraft.
1.2.2.3 Under normal circumstances, ACAS issues only
one RA during an encounter with one or multiple intruders.
The RA is issued when, or shortly after, the (first) intruder
becomes a threat, is maintained as long as the (any) intruder
remains a threat, and is cancelled when the (last) intruder
ceases to be a threat. However, the indication given to the
flight crew as part of that RA may be modified. It may be
strengthened or even reversed when a threat modifies its
altitude profile or when the detection of a second or third
threat changes the initial assessment of the encounter. It may
also be weakened when adequate separation has been achieved
but the (any) intruder temporarily remains a threat.
1.2.3 WARNING TIMES
1.2 Advisories provided
If a threat isdetected, the ACAS equipment generates an RA
some time before the closest approach of the aircraft. The
amount of warning time depends on the protected volume
1.2.1 T W ~ ACDV ISORIES selected for ACAS system use. The nominal resolution
advisory time before closest approach used by ACAS varies
TAs may indicate the range, range rate, altitude, altitude rate, from 15 to 35 seconds. A TA will nominally be issued between
and bearing of the intruding aircraft relative to own aircraft. 5 and 20 seconds in advance of an RA. Warning times depend
TAs without altitude information may also be provided on on sensitivity level as described in 3.5.12.
ANNEX 10 - VOLUME IV ATT-1 28/11/02
Annex I0 - Aeronautical Telecommunications Volume ZV
1.2.4 AIR-AIR COORDINATION OF
RESOLUTION ADVISORIES
1.2.4.1 If the aircraft detected by the ACAS equipment
has only a Mode A/C transponder and automatic pressure
altitude reporting equipment, its pilot will not be aware that it
is being tracked by the ACAS-equipped aircraft. When the
pilot of the ACAS aircraft receives an RA in an encounter with
such an aircraft and manoeuvres as advised, the ACAS aircraft
will be able to avoid the intruding aircraft provided the
intruder does not accelerate so as to defeat the manoeuvre of
the ACAS aircraft.
1.2.4.2 If the intruding aircraft is equipped with ACAS, a
coordination procedure is performed via the air-to-air Mode S
data link in order to ensure that the ACAS RAs are compatible.
1.2.5 AIR-GROUND
COMMUNICATION
1.2.5.1 ACAS may communicate with ground stations
using the Mode S air-ground data link. The transmission of
sensitivity level control commands to ACAS equipment by
Mode S ground stations is one aspect of communication. This
feature permits a Mode S ground station to adapt the RA
warning time to the local traffic environment as an ACAS
aircraft moves through the region of coverage of the station.
An effective trade-off between collision warning time and alert
rate is thereby ensured.
1.2.5.2 The Mode S air-ground data link may also be used
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