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physical basis of the altitude measurement or the relationship between altitude and ground level.
Approach angle. The difference in the ground headings of the two aircraft at closest approach with 180 degrees defined
as head on and 0 degrees defined as parallel.
Crossing encounter. An encounter in which the altitude separation of the two aircraft exceeds 100 ft at the beginning and
at the end of the encounter window, and the relative vertical position of two aircraft at the end of the encounter window
is reversed from that at the beginning of the encounter window.
Encounter. For the purposes of defining the performance of the collision avoidance logic, an encounter consists of two
simulated aircraft trajectories. The horizontal coordinates of the aircraft represent the actual position of the aircraft but
the vertical coordinate represents an altimeter measurement of altitude.
Encounter class. Encounters are classified according to whether or not the aircraft are transitioning at the beginning and
end of the encounter window, and whether or not the encounter is crossing.
Encounter window. T ~tiEme interval [tca - 40 s, tca + 10 S]
Horizontal miss distance (hmd). The minimum horizontal separation observed in an encounter.
Level aircraft. An aircraft that is not transitioning.
Original trajectory. The original trajectory of an ACAS-equipped aircraft is that followed by the aircraft in the same
encounter when it was not ACAS equipped.
Original rate. Thc original rate of an ACAS-equipped aircraft at any time is its aldtude rate at the same time when it
rollowcd Ihc original trajectory.
Chapter 4 Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommuizicatiuns
Required rate. For the standard pilot model, the required rate is that closest to the original raw consistent with thc &\.
tca Nominally, the time of closest approach. For encounters in the standard encounter model (4.4.2.6), a reference time
for the construction of the encounter at which various parameters, including the vertical and horizontal separation (vmd
and hmd), are specified.
Note.- Encounters in the standard encounter model (4.4.2.6) are constructed by building the trajectories of the two
aircraft outwards starting at tca. When the process is complete, tca may not be the precise time of closest approach and
dzfferences of a few seconds are acceptable.
Transitioning aircraft. An aircraft having an average vertical rate with a magnitude exceeding 400 feet per minute
(ft/min), measured over some period of interest.
Turn extent. A heading difference defined as an aircraft's ground heading at the end of a turn minus its ground heading
at the beginning of the turn.
Vertical miss distance (vmd). Notionally, the vertical separation at closest approach. For encounters in the standard
encounter model (4.4.2.61, by constmction the vertical separation at the time tca.
4.4.2 Conditions under which the requirements apply
4.4.2.1 The following assumed conditions shall apply to the performance requirements specified in 4.4.3 and 4.4.4:
a) range and bearing measurements and an altitude report are available for the intruder each cycle as long as it is within
14 NM, but not when the range exceeds 14 NM;
b) the errors in the range and bearing measurements conform to standard range and bearing error models (4.4.2.2
and 4.4.2.3):
c) the intruder's altitude reports, which are its Mode C replies, are expressed in 100 ft quanta;
d) an altitude measurement that has not been quantized and is expressed with a precision of I ft or better is available
for own aircraft:
e) errors in the altitude measurements for both aircraft are constant throughout any particular encounter;
f) the errors in the altitude measurements for both aircraft conform to a standard altimetry error model (4.4.2.4);
g) the pilot responses to RAs conform to a standard pilot model (4.4.2.5);
h) the aircraft operate in an airspace in which close encounters, including those in which ACAS generates an RA,
conform to a standard encounter model (4.4.2.6);
i) ACAS-equipped aircraft are not limited in their ability to perform the manoeuvres required by their RAs; and
j) as specified in 4.4.2.7:
1) the intruder involved in each encounter is not equipped (4.4.2.7 a)); or
2) the intruder is ACAS-equipped but follows a trajectory identical to that in the unequipped encounter (4.4.2.7 b));
or
3) the intruder is equipped with an ACAS having a collision avoidance logic identical to that of own ACAS
(4.4.2.7 c)).
Note.- The phrase "altitude rneasurenzent" refers to a measurement by alz altimeter prior to any quantization.
Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications Volume ZV
4.4.2.1.1 The performance of the collision avoidance logic shall not degrade abruptly as the statistical distribution of
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