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Note.- The pressure setting of 1 013.25 hectopascals is equal to 29.92 inches of mercury.
3.1.1.7.12.2.3 Pressure-altitude shall be reported in 100-ft increments by selection of pulses as shown in the
Appendix to this chapter.
3.1.1.7.12.2.4 The digitizer code selected shall correspond to within plus or minus 38.1 m (125 ft), on a 95 per cent
probability basis, with the pressure-altitude information (referenced to the standard pressure setting of
1 013.25 hectopascals), used on board the aircraft to adhere to the assigned flight profile.
3.1.1.7.13 Transmission of the special position identflcation (SPI) pulse. When required, this pulse shall be
transmitled with Mode A replies, as specified in 3.1.1.6.3, for a period of between 15 and 30 seconds.
3.1.1.7.14 ANTENNA
3.1.1.7.14.1 The transponder antenna system, when installed on an aircraft, shall have a radiation pattern which is
essentially omnidirectional in the horizontal plane.
3.1.1.7.14.2 Recommendation.- The vertical radiation pattern should be nominally equivalent to that of a quarterwove
monopole on a ground plane.
3.1.1.8 WCHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND INTERROGATORS WITH
MODE A AND MODE C CAPABILITIES ONLY
3.1.1.8.1 Ir~terrn~cltiunr epetition frequency. The maximum interrogation repetition frcquency shall be 450
interrogations per second.
3.1.1.8.1.1 Recommendation.- To minimize unnecessary transponder triggering and the resulting high density of
mutual interference, all interrogators should use the lowest practicable interrogator repetition frequency that is consistent
with the display characteristics, interrogator antenna beam width und untenna rotation speed employed.
3.1.1.8.2 RADIATED POWER
Recommendation.- In order to minimize system inte@rence the effective radiated power of interrogators should be
reduced to the lowest value consistent with the operationally required range of each individual interrogator site.
3.1.1.8.3 Recommendation.- When Mode C information is to be used from aircraftflying below tran~itionle vels,
the altimeter pressure reference datum should be taken into account.
Note.- Use of Mode C below transition levels is in accordance with tlze philosophy that Mode C can usefully be
employed in all environments.
3.1.1.9 INTERROGATOR RADIATED HELD PATTERN
Recommendation.- The beam width of the directional interrogator antenna radiating Pj should not be wider than is
operationally required. The side- and back-lobe radiution of th,e directional antenna should be at least 24 dB below the
peak of the main-lobe radiation.
3.1.1.10 INTERROGAMTOONIRTO R
3.1.1.10.1 The range and azimuth accuracy of the ground interrogator shall be monitored at sufficiently frequent
intervals to ensure system integrjty.
Annex I0 - Aeronautical Telecommunicutions Volume ZV
Note.- Interrogators that are associated with and operated in conji~nctiorz with prinzav radar may use the primary
radar us the monitoring device; alternatively, an clectrorzic range and azimuth accuracy monitor would be required.
3.1.1.10.2 Recommendation.- In addition to range and azimuth nzonitorin,g, provision should be made to
monitor continnozrsly the other critical parameters of the grosrnd interrogator for any degradation of perjfornzarzce
exceeding the allowable system tolerances and to provide an indication of any such occurrence.
3.1.1.1 1 SPURIOUESM ISSIONS AND SPURIOUS RESPONSES
Recornmendation.- CW radiation should not exceed 76 dB below I W for the intermgator and 70 dB below I W for
the transponder.
3.1.1.1 1.2 SPURIOUS RESPONSES
Recommendation.- The response of both airborne and ground equipment to signals not within the receiver puss band
should be at least 60 dB below normal sensitivity.
3.1.2 Systems having Mode S capabilities
3.1.2.1 Intermgatiorz signals-in-s~~acceh aracteristics. The paragraphs herein describe the signals-in-space as they call
be cxpected to appear at the antenna of lhe transponder.
Note.- Because signals cniz be corrupted in propagation, certain interrogrltionpulse diiration, pulse spacin~a nd pulse
amplitude tolerunues are more stringent for interrogators as described in 3.1.2.11.4.
3.1.2.1.1 Interrogation carrier frequency. Thc carrier frequency of all interrogations (uplink transmissions) from
ground facilities with Mode S capabilities shall be 1 030 plus or minus 0.01 MHz.
3.1.2.1.2 Interrogation spectrzrtrr. The spectrum of a Mode S inlcrrogation about the carrier frequency shall not excccd
the limits specified in Figure 3-2.
Note.- The Mode S interrogatiorz spectrum is data dependent. The b ~ ~ a d esspte ctrum is generated by an interrogation
that contuins all binary ONES.
3.1.2.1.3 Polarization. Polarization of the interrogation and control transmissions shall be nominally vertical.
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