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for deviations 21 OOOfr
when the intruder is equipped hut does not respond,
for deviations 23OOJt
for deviations 1600ji
for deviations 21 OOOJt
when the intruder is equipped and responds,
for deviations 230OJt
for deviations 2600ft
for deviations 2 1 OOOft
is less than 400jVmin exceeds 400jVmin
4.4.4.3.2 For the purposes of 4.4.4.3.1, the "deviation" of the equipped aircraft from the original trajectory shall be
measured in the interval from the time at which the RA is first issued until the time at which, following cancellation of
the RA, the equipped aircraft has recovered its original altitude rate. The deviation shall be calculated as the largest altitude
difference at any time in this interval between the trajectory followed by the equipped aircraft when responding to its RA
and its original trajectory.
4.4.5 Relative value of conflicting objectives
Recommendation.- The collision avoidance logic should be such as to reduce as much as practicable the risk of
collision (measured as defined in 4.4.3) and limit as much as practicable the disruption to ATM (nzeasured as defined in
4.4.4).
4.5 ACAS USE OF EXTENDED SQUITTER REPORTS
4.5.1 ACAS hybrid surveillance using extended squitter position data
Note.- Hybrid surveillunce is the technique used by ACAS to take advantage of passive position infornzation available
via extended squittel: Using hybrid surveillance, ACAS validates tlze position provided by extended sqr~itterr hmugh direct
active range measurement. An initial validation is peqormed nt track initiation. Revulidatlon is performed once per I0
seconds if the intruder becomes a near threat in altitude or range. Finally, regular active surveillance is peqormed once
per second on intruders that become a near threat in botl~a ltitude an.d range. In this rnanml; passive surveillance (once
validated) is used for non-threatening intruders thus lowering the ACAS interrogation rate. Active surveillance is used
whenever an intruder becomes a near threat in order to preserve ACAS independence as an independent safety rnonitol:
Active surveillance. The process of tracking an intruder by using the information gained from the replies to own aircrali's
interrogations.
Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications Volume ZV
Active track. A track formed by measurements gained by active interrogation.
Hybrid surveillance. The process of using active surveillance to validate and monitor other aircraft being tracked
principally using passive surveillance in order to preserve ACAS independence.
Initial acquisition. The process of starting the formation of a new track upon receipt of a squitter from a Mode S aircraft
for which there is no track by making an active interrogation.
Initial validntion. The process of verifying the relative position of a new track using passive information by comparing it
to the relative position obtained by active interrogation.
Passive surveillance. The process of tracking another aircraft without interrogating it, by using the other aircraft's
extended squitters. ACAS uses the information contained in passive tracks to monitor the need for active surveillance,
but not for any other purpose.
Passive track. After initial acquisition, a track maintained without active interrogation, using information contained in
extended squitters.
4.5.1.2 An ACAS equipped to receive extended squitter position reports for passive surveillance of non-threatening
intruders shall utilize this passive position information in the following manner.
4.5.1.3.1 Initial validation. At initial acquisition of an aircraft reporting extended squitter information, ACAS shall
determine the relative range and bearing as computed from the position of own aircraft and the intruder's position as
reported in the extended squitter. This derived range and bearing and the altitude reported in the squitter shall be compared
to the range, bearing and altitude determined by active ACAS interrogation of the aircraft. Differences between the derived
and measured range and bearing and the squitter and squitter and reply altitude shall be computed and used in tests to
determine whether the extended squitter data is valid. If these tests are satisfied the passive position shall be considered
to be validated and the track shall be maintained on passive data. If any of the above tests fail, the track shall be declared
an active track and no further use shall be made of the subsequent passive surveillance data received for this track.
4.5.1.3.2 Recommendation.- The following tests should be used to validate the position reported in the extended
squitter message:
I slant range dzfSerence 1 2 200 rn; and
I bearing dzfferenae I 45 degrees; and
I altitude diference I 5 I00 ft.
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