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operations and information warfare. The Joint Chief of Staff MOP-6 changed the Army's EW terminology to reflect the
unity of these functions. The three functions of EW are described below.
a. Electronic Attack (formerly Electronic Countermeasures). EA is the division of EW involving the use of
electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities, and equipment for the purpose of degrading,
neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability. EA includes actions taken to prevent, or reduce, the enemy's
effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum through jamming, destruction, and electromagnetic deception. EA
also includes the employment of weapons using either electromagnetic or directed energy as the primary
destructive mechanism. These weapons might include lasers, radio frequency, or particle beams. Finally, EA
includes using sources of electromagnetic energy as the primary means of terminal weapons guidance to damage
or destroy personnel, facilities, or equipment. ASE employed to defeat the EA systems include chaff, flares, radar
jamming, and IR jamming.
b. Electronic Protection (formerly Electronic Counter-Countermeasures). EP is the part of EW involving
actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from effects of friendly or enemy EW actions that
may degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. To minimize their vulnerability to EA, EP should
be considered for all battlefield systems deriving operational capabilities through the use of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Included are optical, electronic, infrared, and radar target acquisition, noncooperative target recognition
systems, and smart weapons systems' sensors, fuses, guidance, and control components. ASE employed systems
include antenna design, signature reduction, infrared absorbing paint, etc.
c. Electronic Support (formerly Electronic Support Measures). ES is the division of EW involving actions
tasked by, or under the direct control of, an operational commander. The ES's responsibilities are search for,
intercept, identify, and locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for immediate threat recognition in
support of EW operations and other tactical actions, such as threat avoidance, homing, and targeting. ES focuses
on surveillance of the electromagnetic spectrum in support of the commander's immediate decision making
requirements for the employment of EW or other tactical actions, such as threat avoidance, targeting, or homing.
ES is normally provided by organic intelligence and sensing devices based on EW technology integrated into
other weapon systems, or assets from other echelons capable of providing combat information to the supported
command. The purpose of ES is to ensure EA and EP applications receive the input needed to operate effectively.
(Examples of ES include, battlefield systems that execute direction finding operations, detecting and identifying
enemy missions, or other electromagnetically-measured signatures that enable immediate exploitation, locating
high value targets for electronic attack, or providing threat avoidance information.) ASE systems include radar,
laser, and infrared missile detecting sets.
d. Aircraft Survivability Equipment Philosophy. The role of ASE is to reduce the vulnerability of our aircraft,
thus allowing aircrews to accomplish their immediate mission and to survive. The methodology for achieving
FM 1-113 Appendix G
G-1
survivability is supported by the ASE philosophy, a five-step approach to ensure that Army aircrews are able to
accomplish their mission again and again. These five steps include the following, in order of least cost and most
effective to the most cost and least effective:
(1) Step 1. Tactics (electronic protection). Proper tactics reduce exposure times to enemy weapons. NOE
flight limits LOS exposure times and places the aircraft's radar, infrared, and optical signature in a cluttered
environment. NOE tactics, combined with ASE protection, allow Army aviation to survive and perform its
mission. ASE protection is severely degraded when the aircraft is not flown tactically sound (blue sky
background).
(2) Step 2. Signature reduction (electronic protection). These measures are implemented through
engineering or design changes, such as flat canopies, exhaust suppressers, and coating the aircraft with
low-infrared reflective paint. Signature reduction alone greatly increases survivability. Without signature
reduction, ASE effectiveness is degraded and, in some cases, erased. Signature control is also influenced by
the aviator choosing how much signature to expose to the threat.
(3) Step 3. Warning (electronic support). The next step, in the ASE philosophy, is to provide warning to
aircrews when they are about to be engaged, allowing time to react. Examples include radar, laser detecting
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