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CSAR. In Vietnam, the ratio of rescued pilots to those taken as POW was 2.1:1. During Desert Storm,
the ratio dropped dramatically, to 1:5.75. For every one downed pilot rescued, almost six were taken
prisoner. Further, 72 percent of all rescued pilots in Vietnam were rescued in the first 2 hours following
their downing. In Desert Storm, none of the rescued pilots were picked up in the first 2 hours.
Commanders at all levels must have a plan for picking up downed pilots. Utility helicopters will play
essential roles in CSAR. Although the Army has no aircraft dedicated solely to performing CSAR, all
utility helicopters must be prepared to accomplish this mission. This chapter discusses roles for CSAR,
CSAR imperatives and planning factors, SAR procedures, and individual aircrew responsibilities for
CSAR. Detailed procedures for joint CSAR can be found in Joint Publication 3-50.2. Army CSAR
procedures can be found in FM 90-18.
7-1. COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE FUNCTIONS
Each service is responsible for performing CSAR in support of their own operations.
a. Joint Force Commanders. JFCs have primary responsibility for CSAR in their AOR. JFCs will
normally delegate the responsibility for picking up downed aviators to the force component
commanders. Additionally, the JFC should establish a JSRC.
b. Joint Search and Rescue Center. The JSRC is a primary SAR facility equipped and staffed to
plan, coordinate, and execute joint CSAR operations. This facility is operated by personnel from
two or more services. JSRC responsibilities include--
(1) Developing and disseminating SPINS to be included in the air tasking order. SPINS
specify the primary theater CSAR guidance, concepts, and specific instructions.
(2) Alerting components of known locations of isolated personnel.
(3) Coordinating with national, theater, and host nation intelligence assets for information
regarding the area around the isolated personnel.
(4) Coordinating and deconflicting CSAR operations among the different services.
(5) Monitoring all CSARs performed by the RCC.
c. Component Commanders. The Army component commander, as part of a joint force, is
responsible for planning and coordinating CSAR in support of Army operations. To do this, the
Army component commander establishes a RCC.
FM 1-113 Chapter 7
7-1
d. Rescue Coordination Center. An RCC is established by the Army component commander to
plan, coordinate, and execute CSAR operations within the commander's AOs. The component
commander may not directly establish an RCC. If an RCC is not established, the Army
commander must designate an existing headquarters or staff section to perform the duties of the
RCC. The RCC is responsible for--
(1) Notifying the JSRC as soon as possible when conducting CSAR operations.
(2) Extracting information from the JSRC E&R plan that is Army specific and disseminate
that information to all Army units in theater.
(3) Requesting JCSAR support from the JSRC when the CSAR can not be accomplished by
Army assets.
(4) Forwarding pertinent data regarding isolated personnel to the JSRC.
e. Unit Commanders. Unit commanders must be prepared to conduct CSAR operations in support
of their own operations. Commanders must ensure that CSAR contingencies and CSAR
procedures are incorporated into their plans and orders.
7-2. COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE IMPERATIVES
a. Immediate Recovery. History has demonstrated that the quicker a downed aviator is located and
rescued, the greater his chances of survival. Army aviation commanders must plan to use their
assets to conduct CSAR. CSAR must be integrated into all operations.
b. Detailed Planning. CSAR operations must be planned in detail. This is essential for operations
that are cross-FLOT. Commander's must integrate utility helicopters into their operational plans
for use as CSAR platforms and ensure all aircrews understand the immediate CSAR procedures
established for a particular mission.
c. Decision Process. Commander's must make a critical decision if aviators are lost during a
mission. This decision must be made rapidly, but with caution. Commanders must not risk losing
more aircraft by committing assets into an area that is high threat. A commander must consider the
factors of METT-T when deciding to execute an immediate recovery, delayed recovery with his
own assets, or delayed recovery using joint CSAR assets. Figure 7-1 shows a commander's CSAR
decision making cycle.
FM 1-113 Chapter 7
7-2
Legend: See the glossary for acronyms and abbreviations.
Figure 7-1. CSAR decision matrix
d. Use of Available Resources. Commanders must dedicate all available resources to recovery of
downed aviators. If the commander decides to attempt an immediate CSAR, consideration must be
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