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and CASEVAC missions in support of a search and attack. During a movement to contact,
air assaults, air movements, and CASEVAC are missions to be expected. Considering the
fluidity of the battlefield during a movement to contact, the aviation unit can expect to
conduct C2 operations. This allows commanders to move quickly about the battlefield to
make critical decisions.
(2) Attack. There are two types of attacks--hasty and deliberate.
(a) Hasty attack. A hasty attack is an operation for which a unit has not made
extensive preparations. It is conducted with the resources immediately available to
maintain momentum or take advantage of the enemy situation. Since planning time
for a hasty attack is limited, the utility helicopter unit must be prepared to support the
force commander with quick, responsive combat, combat support and combat service
support operations. Since this type of attack occurs without extensive time to prepare,
the utility and cargo helicopter units could expect to concentrate their efforts during
the hasty attack to air assaults, air movement of ammunition, CASEVAC, C2, and
aerial mine operations. The aviation unit staff should focus on being prepared to
conduct these missions with little planning and preparation time. To minimize the risk
to utility and cargo aircraft, aviation commanders should maximize the use of battle
drills. Hasty attacks supported by habitual supporting aviation units increase the
likelihood for success.
(b) Deliberate attack. A deliberate attack is conducted against an enemy that is well
organized and cannot be turned or bypassed. It is planned and carefully coordinated
with all elements involved in the attack. The deliberate attack is based on a thorough
reconnaissance, an evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat
strength, an analysis of various courses of action, and other factors affecting the
situation. With a more deliberate decision making process, air assault operations
could be expected for this operation. In the CS and CSS role, utility and cargo
helicopters will air move large amounts of ammunition and supplies, primarily repair
parts, as the maneuver force prepares for the attack. CASEVAC, C2, CSAR, and
Volcano are also expected missions to conduct during the deliberate attack.
(3) Exploitation. An exploitation usually follows a successful attack and is designed to take
advantage of weakened or collapsed enemy defenses. It prevents the enemy from
FM 1-113 Chapter 1
1-3
reorganizing a defensive system or conducting an orderly withdrawal. Maneuver forces can
be air moved or air assaulted to critical locations on the battlefield to keep the enemy from
reorganizing the defense. Since this offensive operation follows an attack, air movement of
critical supplies, primarily ammunition, will be critical to allowing the maneuver forces to
continue the momentum. Volcano operations, CSAR, CASEVAC, and C2 continue to be
important roles for utility helicopters in the exploitation.
(4) Pursuit. A pursuit is an offensive operation taken after a successful attack or developed
during an exploitation. The pursuit takes advantage of enemy weaknesses and its inability to
establish an organized defense. As the enemy forces disengage, friendly forces maintain
relentless pressure in an attempt to destroy enemy forces completely. A pursuit requires
unrelenting speed and mobility to complete the destruction of the enemy. Utility and cargo
helicopters contribute to this operation through air assaults, air movements, C2 operations,
CASEVAC, and Volcano operations.
b. Forms of the Defense.
(1) Area defense. An area defense is conducted when the maneuver force is directed to
defend specified terrain, when the enemy enjoys a mobility advantage over the defending
force, when well-defined avenues of approach exist, and the defending force has sufficient
combat power to cover the likely enemy avenues of approach in sector. The orientation of
the area defense is to deny the enemy designated terrain. Air movement operations are
critical for utility and cargo helicopters during an area defense. Utility and cargo units can
expect to reposition large amounts of class IV barrier material, class V, and class IX repair
parts forward. Volcano may be employed to emplace obstacles at critical places during the
battle. C2 and CASEVAC operations will also be a vital mission for the utility helicopter
unit to perform during the area defense.
(2) Mobile defense. A mobile defense allows the enemy force to advance to a point where it
is exposed to a decisive attack by a striking force. The end state of a mobile defense is
destruction of the enemy force. In addition to the missions stated in the area defense, the
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