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20
27 Seconds
54 Seconds
108 Seconds
30
18 Seconds
36 Seconds
72 Seconds
40
13 Seconds
27 Seconds
54 Seconds
FM 1-113 Chapter 8
8-3
55
9 Seconds
18 Seconds
39 Seconds
80
6 Seconds
13 Seconds
27 Seconds
120
4 Seconds
9 Seconds
18 Seconds
Width of Minefield
278.7 Meters
557.5 Meters
1,115 Meters
Number of Passes
Per Minefield
Disrupt and Fix
2 (See Note)
1
Number of Canisters Per
Pass
27 Seconds
80 Canisters
160 Canisters
Notes: Black Hawks operating in pairs can lay turn and block minefields in one pass, firing 80 canisters each.
Underlined items indicate airspeeds that are not recommended for Volcano dispensing operations
(2) Fix. For this minefield, placement is critical. The commander plans this type of minefield
carefully. The location must be synchronized to allow the ground forces to mass their fires on the
enemy once the enemy has been fixed by the obstacle.
(3) Turn. For this minefield, density and lethality are critical. Individual minefields may be stacked
so as to influence the enemy movement. The commander's intent is to influence the maneuver of the
enemy formations.
(4) Block. For this mine field, the commander is attempting to deny the enemy use of terrain. This
minefield requires high density and lethality, as well as reinforcement from other obstacles (natural
and man-made), to help stop the enemy's use of the terrain.
c. Disrupt and Fix Minefields. Disrupt and fix minefields use one centerline to give a minefield depth of
140 meters. The strip centerline is 278 meters long. The aircraft moves toward the start point, maintaining
the ground speed selected in the DCU. The pilot initiates the launch by depressing the launch switch at the
desired start point, and finishes the launch by again depressing the launch switch over the selected finish
point. Figure 8-2 shows an example of a disrupt and fix minefield.
FM 1-113 Chapter 8
8-4
Legend: See the glossary for acronyms and abbreviations.
Figure 8-2. Disrupt and fix minefields
d. Turn and Block Minefields. Turn and block minefields are emplaced using the same basic procedures
as disrupt and fix minefields. However, turn and block minefields use a two strip centerline to give a total
minefield depth of 340 meters. The strip centerline is 557 meters long. The emplacement of turn and block
minefields requires one aircraft to make two passes. If two aircraft are available, the time to emplace the
minefield is cut in half. Additionally, it may be possible to use one ground and one air Volcano system to
emplace these types of minefields, each system providing a different strip. Figure 8-3 shows an example of
a turn and block minefield.
Legend: See the glossary for acronyms and abbreviations.
Figure 8-3. Turn and block minefields
8-4. AIR VOLCANO IN COMBAT OPERATIONS
a. Air Volcano in Offensive Operations. During offensive operations, Volcano mines can be rapidly
emplace by air to secure a flank during a movement to contact. The Volcano mines can be used to block
potential avenues of approach from a flank and reduce friendly forces vulnerability to enemy
counterattack. During a deliberate or hasty attack, an exposed flank can be quickly reinforced by helicopter
emplaced minefields. Additionally, routes out of the objective can be blocked to deny the enemy potential
counterattack routes or avenues for withdrawal.
b. Air Volcano in Defensive Operations. During defensive operations, air Volcano mines can be quickly
emplaced in the covering force area to delay and disrupt enemy formations. When used to reinforce natural
obstacles, air emplaced minefields provide the covering forces with the time and opportunity to engage the
attacking enemy forces. In the MBA, turning minefields can be emplaced to force the enemy into
engagement areas and fixing minefields can be emplaced to support the destruction of the enemy.
c. Employment Guidelines. Air Volcano minefields may be emplaced in the deep battle or close battle
areas. Commanders must develop a plan for minefield coverage. It may be necessary when emplacing deep
minefields to emplace scouts or COLTs to maintain observation on the minefield. Utility helicopters can
expect to emplace these scout teams along with the minefield.
d. Employment Principles.
FM 1-113 Chapter 8
8-5
(1) Deliberate and hasty dispensing. Based upon the enemy situation, the pilots must decide
whether to conduct a deliberate or hasty dispensing run. A deliberate run means that the pilots will
make a preliminary "dry" run to verify the positions of the start and end points, check the terrain,
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