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continuing to the planned extraction point.
(4) Feature trace. CSAR forces conduct this operation by searching along specific terrain
features estimated to be used by the isolated personnel, according to their EPA. These
features may include rivers, roads, etc. Threat lines of communication and other high traffic
areas should be avoided.
(5) Reference trace conducted over large bodies of water without reference to land. This
method will usually be done in conjunction with a rescue ship. The ship establishes a track
and the aircraft flies a pattern that crosses the bow of the ship in an "S" shaped pattern in
front of the ship.
d. Code Words/Authentication. Once the isolated personnel are located, the rescue aircraft must
FM 1-113 Chapter 7
7-6
be prepared to authenticate and set up the rescue operation. Once contact is made with the isolated
personnel, the flight crew must proceed cautiously. Downed aircrews will be very excited about
the prospect of rescue. It is critical that the contacting CSAR aircraft attempt to keep the isolated
personnel calm. Locations should be given in code, or with reference to terrain features, or
designated SAFE points, if possible. Threat EW assets may be monitoring, and giving the location
of isolated personnel on an unsecured radio net will alert the enemy to the location as well.
7-5. INDIVIDUAL COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE PREPARATION
CSAR planning should begin when the army force deploys or immediately after arrival in the AOs.
Commanders of aviation units must place emphasis on the CSAR process and ensure that their units are
prepared in the event an aircraft is lost during the fight. Procedures that should be followed to ensure
aircraft are prepared for CSAR are--
a. Single Aircraft Operations. Commanders must consider if single aircraft operations are
desirable. Aircraft operating together increase the possibility for immediate CSAR. The factors of
METT-T must be weighed for missions being flown to allow the commander to make the best
decision in this area.
b. Evasion Plan of Action. Each aircrew must have an EPA for missions being flown. It may not
be possible for communications to be established once an aircraft goes down. The aircrew must be
prepared to conduct evasion in case communications are not possible or the enemy situation
dictates. A predetermined evasion plan will help make successful CSAR possible.
c. Isolation Preparation. Commanders need to ensure that all aircrews have current ISOPREP
cards filled out, and that they are accessible in case they are needed.
d. Special Instructions/Air Control Order. These documents provide a wealth of information,
particularly with the current CSAR procedures. The SPINS and ACO will contain current
authentication codes, CSAR special procedures (such as word of the day, color of the day), active
SAFE points, and other information. Flight crews must be familiar with these procedures prior to
executing missions.
e. Survival Radios. Aircrews must ensure that their survival radios are operational, have the
appropriate frequencies programmed into them, and that they know how to use them.
FM 1-113 Chapter 7
7-7
CHAPTER 8
AERIAL MINE WARFARE (VOLCANO)
The primary mission of the Volcano mine dispensing system is to provide the force commander with the
capability to rapidly emplace large minefields under varied conditions. The Volcano can be attached to the
UH-60. It is used to emplace minefields designed to reinforce existing obstacles, close lanes, gaps, and defiles,
and protect flanks.
8-1. THE VOLCANO MINE DISPENSING SYSTEM (DESCRIPTION)
The Volcano mine dispensing system consists of the M139 mine dispenser, the M87 mine canisters, DCU,
carrying cases, and special mounting hardware. The system for the UH-60 is identical with the ground version of
the volcano, except the mounting hardware. Figure 8-1 shows the M139 mine dispensing system mounted on a
UH-60. Each system can dispense mines 35 to 70 meters from the aircraft flight path. The aircraft flies at a
minimum altitude of 5 feet, at speeds ranging from 20 to 120 knots. One aircraft can deliver up to 960 mines per
sortie. Each division, corps aviation brigade, and regimental aviation squadron is equipped with three air Volcano
systems. The aviation unit that owns the systems is responsible for transporting and mounting the air volcano.
Employment of the Volcano system will be planned at division level by the ADE, and ammunition for the system
will be located at ATP or ASP.
a. M87 Mine Canister. The M87 mine canister is prepackaged with five AT mines and one AP mine. The
mixture of mines is fixed and cannot be altered in the field. The group of mines in each canister are
electrically connected by a nylon web that also functions as a lateral dispersion device as the mines exit the
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