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given to availability of air cavalry and attack helicopters to escort the rescuing aircraft, fire
support, and EW assets that are available to support the operation.
7-3. COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS
FM 1-113 Chapter 7
7-3
CSAR operations can be placed into two separate categories--immediate and deliberate.
Commanders must recognize and prepare for both types of CSAR operations.
a. Immediate Recovery. Immediate recovery is the rescue of downed aircrews during the conduct
of a mission. For example, during an air assault, immediate recovery would be accomplished by
having an aircraft in the flight follow a downed aircraft to rescue the flight crew. Immediate
recovery is the most effective method for rescuing downed aircrews. Immediate pickup of downed
aircrews is desirable because friendly aircraft are in the area, enemy forces have not had the
opportunity to react, and medical treatment, if required, will be most beneficial. The commander
must consider certain factors when planning for immediate recovery.
(1) Continuation of the mission. Immediate recovery may take aircraft away from the
primary mission. Commander's must consider the intent of the mission and decide if it is
feasible to take an aircraft away from an ongoing mission to conduct an immediate recovery
mission. If the mission is an air assault, the aviation commander must consult with the
AATFC before executing immediate recovery. The aviation commander may decide to have
a flying spare aircraft designated to conduct immediate recovery if required.
(2) Pick up aircraft. The commander may designate specific aircraft with the responsibility
to conduct immediate recovery, or the responsibility may fall on the nearest aircraft in
support of the downed aircraft. The commander must specify and select the aircraft to be
used for immediate recovery during the planning process.
(3) Recovery aircraft location. The aircraft designated for immediate recovery may be a
part of the mission and formation, or it may be an additional aircraft. The commander must
decide where to position the CSAR aircraft so that it can best support the pickup of downed
aircrews and not interfere with the ongoing mission.
(4) Army airspace command and control. Separate airspace control measures may be
developed to allow CSAR aircraft to extract downed aircrews without interfering with the
ongoing mission. If the CSAR aircraft will use the same structure as the mission aircraft,
effective C2 must be established to deconflict aircraft.
b. Delayed Recovery. Delayed recovery is planned as part of the commander's operations. Using
the RCC and JSRC assets for CSAR are part of a delayed recovery operation. However,
commander's may use internal assets to conduct a delayed recovery. A delayed recovery will
normally occur after the completion of the current mission and includes a detailed plan for
conducting rescue of downed aviators. Aircraft designated as CSAR aircraft must be integrated
thoroughly into the plan. Planning considerations for aircrews conducting a delayed recovery
CSAR mission are as follows:
(1) Concept of the operation. Aircrews designated to provide CSAR coverage must
understand the operations that they are supporting. If utility helicopters are not supporting
their parent headquarters, they should be placed under the OPCON of the operational
commander. The aircrews must be integrated into the planning process and attend all plans,
orders, and rehearsals. The commander must establish a CSAR concept to support his
operations. CSAR concepts may include:
FM 1-113 Chapter 7
7-4
Moving CSAR aircraft as part of the operation, following maneuver elements and
maintaining a standoff distance to provide CSAR coverage if necessary.
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Moving the CSAR aircraft forward to a holding area and awaiting a call to conduct CSAR,
if necessary. Using this method, the commander may elect to establish a ROZ for the CSAR
aircraft so that the aircraft can stay airborne.
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Keeping the CSAR aircraft at another location (AA, FARP) and assuming appropriate
REDCON level as determined by the commander.
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The commander must consider the factors of METT-T, the complexity of the scheme of maneuver, and
the threat potential when considering how to use and plan for internal CSAR.
(2) Communications procedures. Aircraft that are shot down on the battlefield may or may
not be able to use the radios onboard the aircraft to communicate. The commander must
consider how communications with downed aircrews will be established. Communications
may not be necessary for immediate CSAR.
(3) Command and control. C2 of the CSAR must be planned in advance. A C2 node must be
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