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and verify altitude and airspeed for the actual dispensing run. In hasty situations the pilots will not
be able to make a dry run. He must rely on detailed mission planning and a thorough map
reconnaissance to emplace the minefield on the first run.
(2) Site layout. Site layout for air Volcano minefields is extremely important. When the situation
allows, the limits of the minefield are marked before minefield emplacement. When the situation
does not allow premarking of the site, the flight crew must determine through premission planning
and reconnaissance (map and actual) the start and stop points and minefield limits.
e. Air Volcano Delivery Techniques. Positive control of air Volcano missions are essential. It is imperative
that the flight crew emplace the mines at the right location. Failure to put the mines in the correct location
will decrease the desired effect of the minefield and increase the potential for fratricide, especially for
unobserved deep battle minefields or hasty minefields that may not be marked. The following techniques
have been developed to ensure that the mines are emplaced in the correct location:
(1) Visual identification technique. This positive control technique focuses on visual identification
for emplacement of the minefield. During the preparation stage, engineer units will mark the limits
of the minefield and the start and stop firing points for the Volcano. This provides a visual signal for
the pilot to start and stop the firing of the canisters. This control technique is good for open terrain
with adequate visibility and little canopy coverage.
(2) Time lapse technique. This control technique focuses on airspeed versus Volcano firing times.
Once the firing is initiated by the pilot at a predetermined start point, the canisters are fired for a
preset time based upon the aircraft airspeed (see Table 8-2). This technique is good for limited
visibility conditions or when time does not permit for complete marking of the minefield. The
engineer unit (or another designated unit) will still be required to mark the minefield start point.
(3) Canisters fired technique. This positive control technique focuses on number of canisters fired.
Once the air Volcano is initiated, the pilot terminates the firing when the DCU counts down to a
predetermined number of canisters. Number of canisters fired is based upon the type of minefield
that will be emplaced (see Figures 8-2 and 8-3). This technique is good for limited visibility
situations, when the minefield area is covered, and when time to fully mark the minefield is limited.
This technique allows the flight crew to focus on flying the aircraft, since the operator or crew chief
can monitor the DCU and announce when the desired number of canisters has been dispensed. It will
reduce pilot workload. This method, when combined with the time lapse technique, will provide for
an accurately emplaced minefield.
(4) Doppler/global positioning system guidance technique. This technique focuses on using aircraft
navigation systems to emplace the minefield. During the mission preparation phase, the planners
conduct a thorough map reconnaissance. They determine the grid coordinates for the start and stop
firing points. These grids are provided to the pilots, who place the points into their navigation
systems. When the start point is reached, the pilot initiates the firing and terminates at the end point.
This technique is good for minefields emplaced in the deep fight and for hastily emplaced
minefields. Pilots using Doppler navigation systems must pay attention to the accuracy of the system
and ensure that updates are accomplished accurately to ensure the minefield is emplaced in the
desired location.
8-5. AIR VOLCANO MISSION EXECUTION
FM 1-113 Chapter 8
8-6
a. Volcano Emplacement. The decision to emplace a Volcano minefield (air or ground) will usually be
made by the division commander or higher. The division commander, based upon the tactical situation and
recommendations from division staff sections, will approve the emplacement of the Volcano mine system
using a UH-60. The commander will provide his intent and guidance as to minefield type, delivery method,
size, markings, and minefield duration.
b. Mission Planning. Mission planning for emplacement of air Volcano is done within the division G3
section. The ADE and the ADAO, with assistance from the division G3 (Air) and airspace management
element, will conduct the mission planning. Upon receipt of the mission from the commander, the ADAO
will provide a WARNORD to the aviation brigade, who will in turn give a WARNORD to the executing
unit. The aircrews involved in the mission, along with assistance from the battalion staff, will develop
flight routes and submit them to the ADAO for airspace deconfliction. The aircrews will load the system
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