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an inexpensive mechanism to obtain significant information regarding many aspects of the organization,
including:
a) perceptions and opinions of operational personnel;
b) level of teamwork and cooperation among various employee groups;
10-6 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
c) problem areas or bottlenecks in daily operations;
d) corporate safety culture; and
e) current areas of dissent or confusion.
10.3.11 Safety surveys usually involve the use of checklists, questionnaires and informal confidential
interviews. Surveys, particularly those using interviews, may elicit information that cannot be obtained any
other way.
10.3.12 Typically, specific data that are suitable for assessing safety performance can be acquired
through well structured and managed surveys. However, the validity of all survey information obtained may
need to be verified before corrective action is taken. Similar to voluntary incident reporting systems, surveys
are subjective, reflecting individuals’ perceptions. Consequently, they are subject to the same kinds of
limitations, for example, the biases of the author, the biases of the respondents, and biases in interpreting
the data.
10.3.13 The activities associated with safety surveys can span the complete risk management cycle
from hazard identification, through risk assessment, to safety oversight. They are most likely to be
conducted by organizations that have made the transition from a reactive to a proactive safety culture.
Chapter 15 includes guidance on the conduct of safety surveys.
Quality assurance
10.3.14 A quality assurance system (QAS) defines and establishes an organization’s quality policy and
objectives. It ensures that the organization has in place those elements necessary to improve efficiency and
reduce risks. If properly implemented, a QAS ensures that procedures are carried out consistently and in
compliance with applicable requirements, that problems are identified and resolved, and that the
organization continuously reviews and improves its procedures, products and services. A QAS should
identify problems and improve procedures in order to meet corporate objectives.
10.3.15 A QAS helps ensure that the requisite systemic measures have been taken to meet the
organization’s safety goals. However, quality assurance does not “assure safety”. Rather, quality assurance
measures help management ensure the necessary standardization of the systems within its organization to
reduce the risk of accidents.
10.3.16 A QAS contains procedures for monitoring the performance of all aspects of an organization,
including such elements as:
a) well designed and documented procedures (e.g. SOPs);
b) inspection and testing methods;
c) monitoring of equipment and operations;
d) internal and external audits;
e) monitoring of corrective actions taken; and
f) the use of appropriate statistical analysis, when required.
Chapter 10. Safety Performance Monitoring 10-7
10.3.17 A number of internationally accepted quality assurance standards are currently in use. The
most appropriate system depends on the size, complexity and product of the organization. ISO 9000 is one
set of international standards used by many organizations to implement an in-house quality system. Using
such systems also ensures that the organization’s suppliers have appropriate quality assurance systems in
place.
Safety audits
10.3.18 Safety auditing is a core safety management activity. Similar to financial audits, safety audits
provide a means for systematically assessing how well the organization is meeting its safety objectives. The
safety audit programme, together with other safety oversight activities (safety performance monitoring),
provides feedback to managers of individual units and senior management concerning the safety
performance of the organization. This feedback provides evidence of the level of safety performance being
achieved. In this sense, safety auditing is a proactive safety management activity, providing a means of
identifying potential problems before they have an impact on safety.
10.3.19 Safety audits may be conducted internally by the organization, or by an external safety
auditor. Demonstrating safety performance for State regulatory authorities is the most common form of
external safety audit. Increasingly, however, other stakeholders may require an independent audit as a
precondition to providing a specific approval, such as for financing, insurance, partnerships with other
airlines, and entry into foreign airspace. Regardless of the driving force for the audit, the activities and
products from both internal and external audits are similar. Safety audits should be conducted on a regular
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