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Building the necessary trust begins with a formal statement of company policy on its approach to open and
free incident reporting. A sample of one company’s policy on non-punitive hazard reporting is in Appendix 1
to this chapter.
16.2.8 A perennial question asked with any new incident reporting system concerns “what to report?”
As indicated in Chapter 7, the guiding credo should be “If in doubt, report it.” A sample list of the types of
occurrences or events to be reported to an operator’s reporting system is in Appendix 2 to this chapter. To
be effective, as a minimum, an operator’s reporting programme should include hazard and incident reports
from flight operations personnel, AMEs and cabin crew.
Commercially available systems
16.2.9 An increasing number of commercially available incident reporting systems that run on personal
computers (PCs) and are available at relatively low cost, have proven to be well suited for company
reporting systems. These off-the-shelf software packages collect and store data, generate reports, and can
be used for trend analysis and safety performance monitoring. Further information on database systems is
contained in Chapter 15.
16.2.10 Three examples of such systems are listed below:
a) British Airways Safety Information System (BASIS) was created as a company incident reporting
programme for flight crews. This PC-based programme has matured to become a quasi-industry
standard for collecting and managing safety information. It is currently used by more than
100 airlines and aviation organizations. Systems being developed on-line are frequently designed to
be compatible with BASIS. A number of BASIS modules cover a broad spectrum of activities
relevant to safety management. Further information on BASIS can be obtained from their website at
http://www.winbasis.com.
Chapter 16. Aircraft Operations 16-3
b) INDICATE (Identifying Needed Defences in the Civil Aviation Transport Environment) is a safety
management programme developed in Australia to provide a simple, cost-effective and reliable
means of capturing, monitoring and reporting information about safety hazards.
The INDICATE software was created in Microsoft Access and is easily installed on a Windowscompatible
PC. It provides a logical and consistent methodology for recording and categorizing
hazards; a means of quickly and easily recording recommendations and responses; a database on
which safety hazards can be recorded and tracked; and an automated facility for producing reports
about hazards so that information can be disseminated easily. It is also a useful tool for safety audit
purposes. The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) provides the INDICATE software at no
cost. For further information on INDICATE, visit their website at http://www.atsb.gov.au.
c) Aircrew Incident Reporting System (AIRS) was developed by Airbus Industrie to help its
customers establish their own confidential reporting systems. The focus of AIRS is on collecting and
understanding the systemic implications of reported incidents, as well as the behavioural aspects.
The analytical part of AIRS aims to provide answers to the “how” and “why” a certain incident
occurred. In particular, AIRS aims to enhance an understanding of the underlying Human Factors
contributing to occurrences. The AIRS software, which is compatible with BASIS, allows for the
storing of standardized data from both flight and cabin operations.
16.3 FLIGHT DATA ANALYSIS (FDA) PROGRAMME
Introduction
16.3.1 Flight Data Analysis (FDA) programmes, sometimes referred to as Flight Data Monitoring
(FDM), or Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA), provide another tool for the proactive identification
of hazards. FDA is a logical complement to hazard and incident reporting and to LOSA.
What is an FDA programme?
16.3.2 Initially, the principal use of flight recorders was to aid accident investigators, especially in those
accidents with no surviving crew members. Early on, it was recognized that analysis of the recorded data
was also useful for better understanding serious incidents. By routinely accessing the recorded flight
parameters, much could be learned about the safety of flight operations and the performance of airframes
and engines. Valuable data about the things that go right in day-to-day operations were available, putting
accident and incident data into perspective. As well, analysis of this de-identified data could assist in the
identification of safety hazards before a serious incident or accident occurred.
16.3.3 To capitalize on these benefits, a number of airlines set up systems to routinely analyse
recorded flight data. Despite some initial problems, the aviation industry is increasingly analysing recorded
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(109)
