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requirements of purchasers.
2-4 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
2.1.11 Manufacturers also produce manuals and other documentation to support their products. In
some States, this may be the only guidance material available for the operation of a specific aircraft type or
piece of equipment. Thus the standard of documentation provided by the manufacturer is important.
Additionally, through their responsibilities for providing product support, training, etc., manufacturers can
provide the safety record of a particular piece of equipment, or the in-service record of a component.
2.1.12 In addition, the major aircraft manufacturers have active safety departments whose roles
include monitoring in-service experience, providing feedback to the manufacturing process and
disseminating safety information to customer airlines.
Aircraft operators
2.1.13 Major airlines usually employ many of the safety management activities outlined in this manual.
Such activities are often carried out by a safety office which monitors overall operating experience and
provides independent advice to company management on the action needed to eliminate or avoid identified
hazards, or reduce the associated risk to an acceptable level.
2.1.14 The safety management concepts outlined in this manual are in addition to existing
requirements to comply with ICAO SARPs and/or national regulations.
Service providers
2.1.15 Safe and efficient flight operations depend on the effective delivery of a variety of services
separate from the aircraft operators, for example:
a) air traffic management;
b) aerodrome operations, including airport emergency services;
c) airport security; and
d) navigation and communication aids.
2.1.16 Traditionally, such services have been provided by the State — usually through its civil or
military aviation authorities. However, civil aviation authorities in some States have discovered the potential
conflicts of interest in the dual roles of the State as both a regulator and a service provider. Moreover, some
States believe that there are operational efficiencies and economies to be gained from the corporatization
(or privatization) of many of these services, particularly ATS and aerodrome operations. As a result, a
growing number of States have delegated responsibility for the provision of many of these services.
2.1.17 Regardless of the ownership or management structure of any aviation service, responsible
managers are expected to develop and implement SMS within their areas of expertise. The guidance
material provided in this manual applies equally to flight operations and the provision of aviation services,
regardless of whether they are governed by the State or corporate management.
Third party contractors
2.1.18 The provision of services supporting flight operations often involves private contractors in such
areas as refuelling; catering and other aircraft ground services; aircraft maintenance and overhaul; runway
and taxiway construction and repair; crew training; and flight planning, flight dispatch and flight following.
Chapter 2. Responsibility for Managing Safety 2-5
2.1.19 Whether a large corporate contractor or small entrepreneur, the contracting authority (e.g. an
airline, aerodrome operator or air navigation service provider) holds overall responsibility for managing the
safety risks taken by the contractor. The contract must specify safety standards to be met. The contracting
authority then has the responsibility for ensuring that the contractor complies with the safety standards
prescribed in the contract.
2.1.20 An SMS must ensure that the level of safety of an organization is not eroded by the inputs and
supplies provided by external organizations.
Business and professional associations
2.1.21 Business and professional associations also play a vital role in safety management.
2.1.22 International, national and regional stakeholder associations are usually formed to advance
commercial interests; however, stakeholders increasingly recognize the strong links between aviation safety
and profitability. Stakeholders realize that an accident by one airline can compromise their own business.
Thus, for example, airline associations maintain an active watch on industry developments in technology,
procedures and practices. Their members collaborate in the identification of safety hazards and in the
actions required for reducing or eliminating those deficiencies. Through such associations, many airlines are
now sharing safety-related data with a view to enhancing safety management.
2.1.23 In a similar manner, professional associations representing the interests of various professional
groups (e.g. pilots, ATCOs, AMEs, and cabin crew) are active in the pursuit of safety management. Through
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(19)
