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18.5.7 The three cornerstones for an effective SMS and the corresponding activities are discussed in
Chapter 5. With minor modifications, these apply to preventing apron accidents. Some factors warranting
special consideration include:
a) structured training geared to staff capabilities, including:
1) orientation for safety;
2) safe operation of ground support equipment;
3) need for compliance with SOPs; and
4) skills training such as marshalling signals, and seasonal skills such as de-icing;
b) clear practical SOPs which are understood, practiced and enforced;
c) hazard and incident reporting system which encourages input from ground servicing personnel;
Chapter 18. Aerodrome Operations 18-11
d) competent investigation of apron mishaps, with particular emphasis on the human performance
aspects;
e) effective collection and analysis of relevant ground safety data;
f) fostering of a positive safety culture for all apron workers, whereby they take “ownership” for their
safety record;
g) representation of ground handlers and servicing personnel on safety committees, perhaps including
a separate sub-committee for ground safety;
h) feedback to workers regarding identified hazards and actions taken to reduce or eliminate them;
i) ongoing programme of safety awareness; and
j) monitoring of ground system safety (through regular assessments and audits).
Vehicle operations
18.5.8 Servicing/ground handling of an aircraft on the apron involves many activities. Vehicles such
as catering trucks, refueling trucks, baggage/cargo handling equipment, and cleaning vehicles all converge
on the aircraft nearly simultaneously in order to meet the planned turnaround time. In such conditions, the
risk of collision is ever-present and the potential for serious consequences is great. Excessive speed in
confined areas and in close proximity to aircraft is a major cause of apron accidents. A systems approach is
required for organizing and controlling vehicular traffic on the apron in order to reduce the risk of accidents.
18.5.9 Most vehicle operators on the apron are not aerodrome operator’s employees. They may work
for service providers, such as airlines, refuelling companies, and catering and cleaning companies. Many of
these personnel are beyond the control of the aerodrome operator. However, they normally require some
form of approval issued by the aerodrome operator to drive on the apron. The following are some methods
for safely controlling vehicles that aerodrome safety committees and SMs should consider:
a) Vehicle control plan. This plan is usually developed by the aerodrome operator and applies to all
apron areas and vehicles operated on them. All aerodrome tenants are expected to be aware of and
follow this plan which should prescribe traffic flow, vehicle operating rules, and signs and markings
for vehicles and traffic control devices.
b) Vehicle operating standards. These are the basic “rules of the road” for how vehicles are to be
operated on the aerodrome — including limits on speed and proximity to aircraft, right of way, etc.
They are normally developed by the aerodrome authority with the advice and assistance from major
users.
c) Vehicle limitations. A basic rule is to limit the number of vehicles on the ramp to the minimum
number needed to do the job. Each vehicle has to be justified. All vehicles should be companyowned
with no privately owned vehicles authorized.
d) Vehicle operator training. All drivers on the apron must be trained (and perhaps certified) before
they are allowed to operate vehicles there. This programme may be administered by the aerodrome
operator or by major aerodrome tenants in accordance with guidelines from the aerodrome operator.
18-12 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
e) Enforcement. The success of any airside vehicle operations and plan is dependent upon the
implementation of, and compliance with, operating standards. Close supervision and monitoring are
required to ensure that all users of the apron uphold required safety standards. This includes
enforcement action against those who do not comply.
18.6 ROLE OF AERODROME SAFETY MANAGERS IN GROUND SAFETY
18.6.1 An aerodrome SM can make a significant contribution to ground safety and operational
effectiveness. Ground safety merits the same systematic approach and attention to detail as flight safety.
The aerodrome’s programme for preventing accidents on the ground should therefore embody all the
elements of an SMS (hazard and incident reporting systems, safety committees, risk management
processes, competent investigations, safety oversight, etc.). A successful aerodrome SMS requires a solid
working relationship between the various users of the aerodrome and the SM. The SM should be interested
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(145)
