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15.5.9 It is important that staff performing these tasks receive adequate training in the special methods
and techniques involved. Depending on the depth of training required and the level of existing expertise in
safety management within the organization, it may be necessary to obtain assistance from external
specialists in order to provide this training.
Safety training for operational personnel
15.5.10 In addition to the corporate indoctrination outlined above, personnel engaged directly in flight
operations (flight crew, ATCOs, AMEs, etc.) will require more specific safety training with respect to:
a) procedures for reporting accidents and incidents;
b) unique hazards facing operational personnel;
c) procedures for hazard reporting;
d) specific safety initiatives, such as:
1) FDA programme;
2) LOSA programme; and
3) NOSS programme;
e) safety committee(s);
f) seasonal safety hazards and procedures (winter operations, etc.); and
g) emergency procedures.
Training for safety managers
15.5.11 The person selected as the SM needs to be familiar with most aspects of the organization, its
activities and personnel. These requirements may be met in-house or from external courses, however, much
of the SM’s knowledge will be acquired by self-education.
15.5.12 Areas where SMs may require formal training include:
a) familiarization with different fleets, types of operations, routes, etc.;
b) understanding the role of human performance in accident causation and prevention;
c) operation of SMS;
15-10 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
d) accident and incident investigation;
e) crisis management and emergency response planning;
f) safety promotion;
g) communication skills;
h) computer skills such as word-processing, spreadsheets and database management; and
i) specialized training or familiarization (such as CRM, FDA, LOSA and NOSS).
15.6 CONDUCTING A SAFETY SURVEY1
15.6.1 Safety surveys offer a flexible and cost-effective method for identifying hazards by sampling
expert opinion. They may be used to review a particular area of safety concern where hazards appear or are
suspected, or as a monitoring tool to confirm that an existing situation is satisfactory. In either case, the
principles and procedures are the same, and they are equally applicable to large or small surveys.
Principles
15.6.2 The objectives of the survey should be clearly enunciated for all intended respondents.
15.6.3 The sample size should be sufficient to permit valid conclusions to be drawn from the
information obtained. The level of formality, the breadth of participation, etc. will depend on the scope of the
survey.
15.6.4 Surveys may be conducted through the use of checklists, questionnaires and interviews. All of
these methods require skill in formulating questions that will provide a valid reference point, without leading
the person being surveyed. Interviewing requires particular skill in keeping the questions neutral and
unbiased, avoiding negative feedback, encouraging openness, etc.
15.6.5 Randomly selecting those to be surveyed will reduce the risks of bias in information collected.
15.6.6 The same rigour as required for structured interviews is required in formulating and
sequencing survey questions and their sequence. However, unlike in interviews, open-ended questions
requiring narrative responses should be avoided in surveys. Rather, questions should elicit specific
responses (which can be scored). These might include evaluating an opinion along some predetermined
scale, e.g. from strongly disagree, through neither agree nor disagree, to completely agree.
15.6.7 Surveys require prior coordination with the authorities governing the target respondents. For
example, a survey may be doomed from the outset without the support of the pertinent unions and
professional associations.
15.6.8 Whatever method is used for the survey, the respondent must receive an assurance of
confidentiality regarding the information volunteered through the survey.
1. The principles behind safety surveys are discussed in Chapter 9.
Chapter 15. Practical Considerations for Operating a Safety Management System 15-11
15.6.9 Some other factors to be considered when conducting a survey are listed below:
a) The cooperation of the people involved in the survey should be obtained.
b) Any perception of a “witch-hunt” should be avoided. (The objective is to gain knowledge. Any
suggestions of blame or punishment will be counterproductive.)
c) The experience of the target respondents should be respected. (The target respondents are usually
more experienced in their specialty than the surveyor.)
d) Criticism (real or implied) can destroy the rapport with the person being interviewed.
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(101)
