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e) Investigation and analysis. They follow up on reported occurrences and unsafe conditions and, if
necessary, initiate competent safety investigations and safety analyses.
f) Performance monitoring. They actively seek feedback necessary to close the loop of the safety
management process using such techniques as trend monitoring and internal safety audits.
g) Safety promotion. They actively disseminate the results of safety investigations and analyses,
sharing safety lessons learned both within the organization and outside, if warranted.
h) Safety oversight. The State (regulator) and regulated organization both have systems in place to
monitor and assess safety performance.
All these activities are described in more detail elsewhere in this manual.
Safety management process
5.3.7 Conceptually, the safety management process parallels the safety cycle described in Figure 4-6.
Both involve a continuous loop process as represented in Figure 5-2.
5.3.8 Safety management is evidence-based, in that it requires the analysis of data to identify hazards.
Using risk assessment techniques, priorities are set for reducing the potential consequences of the hazards.
Chapter 5. Basics of Safety Management 5-7
Figure 5-2. Safety management process
Strategies to reduce or eliminate the hazards are then developed and implemented with clearly established
accountabilities. The situation is reassessed on a continuing basis, and additional measures are
implemented as required.
5.3.9 The steps of the safety management process outlined in Figure 5-2 are briefly described below:
a) Collect the data. The first step in the safety management process is the acquisition of relevant
safety data — the evidence necessary to determine safety performance or to identify latent unsafe
conditions (safety hazards). The data may be derived from any part of the system: the equipment
used, the people involved in the operation, work procedures, the human/equipment/procedures
interactions, etc.
b) Analyse the data. By analysing all the pertinent information, safety hazards can be identified. The
conditions under which the hazards pose real risks, their potential consequences and the likelihood
of occurrence can be determined; in other words, What can happen? How? and When? This
analysis can be both qualitative and quantitative.
c) Prioritize the unsafe conditions. A risk assessment process determines the seriousness of
hazards. Those posing the greatest risks are considered for safety action. This may require a costbenefit
analysis.
Safety
management
process
Prioritize
unsafe conditions
Analyse data
Collect data
Collect
additional data
Approve strategies
Re-evaluate situation
Implement strategies
Assign responsibilities Develop strategies
5-8 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
d) Develop strategies. Beginning with the highest priority risks, several options for managing the risks
may be considered, for example:
1) Spread the risk across as large a base of risk-takers as practicable. (This is the basis of
insurance.)
2) Eliminate the risk entirely (possibly by ceasing that operation or practice).
3) Accept the risk and continue operations unchanged.
4) Mitigate the risk by implementing measures to reduce the risk or at least facilitate coping with
the risk.
When selecting a risk management strategy, care is required to avoid introducing new risks that
result in an unacceptable level of safety.
e) Approve strategies. Having analysed the risks and decided on an appropriate course of action,
management’s approval is required to proceed. The challenge in this step is the formulation of a
convincing argument for (perhaps expensive) change.
f) Assign responsibilities and implement strategies. Following the decision to proceed, the “nuts
and bolts” of implementation must be worked out. This includes a determination of resource
allocation, assignment of responsibilities, scheduling, revisions to operating procedures, etc.
g) Re-evaluate situation. Implementation is seldom as successful as initially envisaged. Feedback is
required to close the loop. What new problems may have been introduced? How well is the agreed
strategy for risk reduction meeting performance expectations? What modifications to the system or
process may be required?
h) Collect additional data. Depending on the re-evaluation step, new information may be required
and the full cycle reiterated to refine the safety action.
5.3.10 Safety management requires analytical skills that may not be routinely practiced by
management. The more complex the analysis, the more important is the need for the application of the most
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