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16.3.23 FDA programmes generally involve systems that capture flight data, transform the data into an
appropriate format for analysis, and generate reports and visualization to assist in assessing the data. The
level of sophistication of the equipment can vary widely. Typically, however, the following equipment
capabilities are required for effective FDA programmes:
a) an on-board device to capture and record data on a wide range of in-flight parameters (such as
altitude, airspeed, heading, aircraft attitude, and aircraft configuration);
b) a means to transfer the data recorded on board the aircraft to a ground-based processing station. In
the past, this largely involved the physical movement of the memory unit from the quick access
recorder (QAR) (either tape, optical disc, or solid state). To reduce the physical effort required, later
transfer methods utilize wireless technologies;
c) a ground-based computer system (using specialized software) to analyse the data (from single
flights and/or in an aggregated format), identify deviations from expected performance, generate
reports to assist in interpreting the read-outs, etc.; and
d) optional software for a flight animation capability to integrate all data, presenting it as a simulation of
in-flight conditions, thereby facilitating visualization of actual events.
16-8 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
Airborne equipment
16.3.24 Modern glass-cockpit and fly-by-wire aircraft are equipped with the necessary digital data
buses from which information can be captured by a recording device for subsequent analysis. Older aircraft
may be retrofitted to record additional parameters. However, for older (non-digital) aircraft, it is unlikely to be
practical to record sufficient parameters to support a viable FDA programme.
16.3.25 The number of parameters recorded by the mandatory FDR may determine the scope of an
FDA programme. Unfortunately, in some cases the number of parameters and recording capacity required
by law to be recorded to support accident investigations may be insufficient to support an effective FDA
programme. Thus many operators are opting for additional recording capacity, capable of being easily
downloaded for analysis.
16.3.26 Quick access recorders (QARs). QARs are installed in the aircraft and record flight data
onto a low-cost removable medium such as a tape cartridge, optical disk, or solid-state recording medium.
The recording can be removed from the aircraft after a series of flights. New technology QARs are capable
of supporting more than 2 000 parameters at much higher sampling rates than the FDR. The expanded data
frame greatly increases the resolution and accuracy of the output from ground analysis programmes.
16.3.27 To eliminate the task of moving the data from the aircraft to the ground station by physically
removing the recording medium of the QAR, newer systems automatically download the recorded
information via secure wireless systems when the aircraft is in the vicinity of the gate. In still other systems,
the recorded data is analysed on board while the aircraft is airborne. The encrypted data is then transmitted
to a ground station using satellite communications. Fleet composition, route structure and cost
considerations will determine the most cost-effective method of removing the data from the aircraft.
Ground replay and analysis equipment
16.3.28 Data are downloaded from the aircraft recording device into a ground-based replay and
analysis department, where the data are held securely to protect this sensitive information. A variety of
computer platforms, including networked PCs, are capable of hosting the software needed to replay the
recorded data. Replay software is commercially available, however, the computer platform will require
appropriate front-end interfaces (usually provided by the recorder manufacturers) to cope with the variety of
recording inputs available today.
16.3.29 FDA programmes generate large amounts of data requiring specialized analytical tools. These
tools, which are commercially available, facilitate the routine analysis of flight data in order to reveal
situations that require corrective action.
16.3.30 The analysis software checks the downloaded flight data for abnormalities. The exceedence
detection software typically includes a large number of trigger logic expressions derived from a variety of
sources such as flight performance curves, SOPs, engine manufacturers’ performance data, and airfield
layout and approach criteria. Trigger logic expressions may be simple exceedences such as redline values.
The majority, however, are composites which define a certain flight mode, aircraft configuration or payloadrelated
condition. Analysis software can also assign different sets of rules dependent on airport or
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(112)
