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in the adequacy of aerodrome defences against ground accidents in such areas as:
a) routine aerodrome maintenance (paved and unpaved surfaces, lighting, signs, markings, etc.);
b) planned new construction;
c) aerodrome and apron inspections, including control of FOD;
d) control of vehicle operations;
e) wildlife hazard control, especially birds;
f) runway incursions;
g) snow and ice removal;
h) occurrence reporting and investigation procedures;
i) emergency planning;
j) safety committees, especially the apron safety committee; and
k) communications of safety information at the local level.
18.6.2 Figure 18-1 illustrates the use of an SMS at an aerodrome and the SM’s role in the process.
Chapter 18. Aerodrome Operations 18-13
Figure 18-1. Example of an aerodrome SMS
— — — — — — — —
National and
international
legislation,
regulation,
standards
and
practices
Accident/
incident
reporting
and
investigation
Emergency
debriefing
and
documentation
Safety
audits
Safety management system
Analysis
Management
information
Safety Manager
Safety
recommendation
Airport safety committee
Ramp
safety
committee
SMGC
committee
Emergency
committee
Individual
organizations
and
authorities
Corrective
actions
Safety
bulletin
– New and revised procedures
Training
Safety campaigns
Improvement of facilities and
operating environment
–––
Safety
suggestions
received
from all
levels
18-APP 1-1
Appendix 1 to Chapter 18
EXAMPLE OF A SAFETY POLICY
FOR AN AERODROME OPERATOR
1. The <aerodrome operator’s> principal safety objective is to minimize, as much as is reasonably
practicable, the risk of an aircraft accident at or in the vicinity of the aerodrome. Thus, safety shall be
afforded the highest priority throughout the activities of the <aerodrome operator> and take priority over
commercial, environmental and social considerations.
2. To achieve its principal safety objective, the <aerodrome operator> shall apply a formalized and
proactive approach to systematic safety management within the aerodrome operation. A safety
management system shall be implemented in respect of all activities and supporting services which are
under the managerial control of the <aerodrome operator>.
3. Everyone involved in the operation aspects of the <aerodrome operator> has an individual safety
responsibility for his/her own actions. As safety is an integral function of management, all line managers are
accountable for the safety performance of their areas of responsibility, and for ensuring that safety
requirements are complied with.
4. The <aerodrome operator> shall comply with all statutory obligations and with the safety
management requirements of the <regulatory authority>.
— — — — — — — —
18-APP 2-1
Appendix 2 to Chapter 18
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HAZARDS IN THE
APRON WORK ENVIRONMENT
The following points illustrate some of the factors which contribute to a hazardous work environment on an
aerodrome apron.
a) Aircraft ground handling comprises the activities required to turn an aircraft around, including:
1) marshalling and chocking arriving aircraft;
2) refuelling;
3) correcting maintenance defects and performing routine aircraft maintenance;
4) de-icing and anti-icing of aircraft;
5) aircraft catering, cleaning cabins and servicing water and toilets;
6) passenger embarkation/disembarkation;
7) loading and unloading of baggage and freight; and
8) aircraft towing and pushback.
b) In addition to the complexity of apron operations, the nature of ground handling poses significant
potential for safety hazards due in part to:
1) aircraft size and shape versus vehicle driver’s susceptibility to misperceptions and misjudgements
of distance and location;
2) the aircraft’s fragile skin and appendages, e.g. aerials and probes which are easily damaged;
3) need to preserve the aerodynamic and structural integrity of the aircraft;
4) constraints of space and time; and
5) number of unskilled, low-paid and poorly motivated workers.
c) Several Human Factors exacerbate the accident potential of the foregoing. The following factors
typically characterize the workplace and content of ground handling duties:
1) hostile work environment (noise, jet-blast, diverse weather and difficult light conditions);
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(146)
