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18.4.7 Some of the more important considerations in preparing an exercise plan for the AEP are listed
below:
a) aerodrome emergency service personnel are regularly tested on:
1) emergency response procedures, first aid, etc.;
2) firefighting; and
3) emergency evacuations, including knowledge of relevant aircraft systems and evacuation
routes; etc.;
Chapter 18. Aerodrome Operations 18-9
b) communication and call-out procedures are tested and kept up to date;
c) crash and fire routes are well understood, kept clear and inspected regularly;
d) command post is designated, equipped and tested;
e) temporary morgue facilities are available;
f) procedures are in place (and regularly tested) for:
1) crowd control;
2) media access; and
3) receiving families and next of kin of accident victims;
g) clearing of aircraft wreckage, or recovery of aircraft; and
h) provision for restoration of service or continued operation of the aerodrome, etc.
18.5 AERODROME APRON SAFETY
18.5.1 Apron accidents often involve relatively minor damage, although at times they may lead to more
serious damage. Aircraft skin and ground-servicing equipment may be damaged and/or employees may be
injured. Sometimes, contact between a catering truck or ground-servicing vehicle and an aircraft may cause
minor damage that may go unnoticed or unreported, but may contribute to a subsequent in-flight emergency.
18.5.2 Aircraft are easy to damage and expensive to repair. Even minor ground handling accidents are
expensive as they incur such indirect costs as schedule disruptions and passenger accommodations. Yet,
because such occurrences may not fall within the definition of an aviation accident, aviation organizations
frequently view them from the perspective of occupational health and safety or environmental safety — as
opposed to a critical aspect of maintaining safe and efficient flight operations. The concept of creating and
fostering a positive safety culture on the apron is often not well developed.
Apron work environment
18.5.3 The apron work environment is often less than ideal for safe operations from a human
performance perspective. Difficulties can arise from the variety of activities, congestion in a restricted
environment, tight time pressures, and often poor weather or lighting conditions. Appendix 2 to this chapter
outlines some of the factors which can contribute to hazards in the apron work environment.
18.5.4 All things considered, the potential for accidents and injuries in the apron environment is high.
Reducing that potential requires a multidisciplinary effort by many departments of the aerodrome and the
staff of airlines, service providers and contractors.
Causes of apron accidents
18.5.5 Although many aircraft operators have their own internal accident/incident databases, there are
few public sources for data on apron accidents. Many ground occurrences are not reported to any State
18-10 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
authority. Nevertheless, based on industry experience, the following general statements can be made about
the causes of apron accidents:
a) Regulations or Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are inadequate or not followed.
b) Poor discipline and inadequate supervision set up many accidents (particularly those involving
excessive vehicle speed).
c) Equipment. Incorrect use or abuse of the ground handling equipment may lead to apron accidents.
d) Dynamic environment with constant motion (and commotion) makes maintenance of situational
awareness difficult even for experienced personnel.
e) Weather limits human performance.
f) Training versus exposure to risk. Organizations generally train their skilled employees
adequately. However, a high proportion of relatively unskilled workers on the apron, who are
exposed to significant risk daily, usually receive little safety training and supervision.
g) Human performance. Apron accidents often involve Human Factors arising from such things as
misjudgement, obscured vision, stress, distraction, time (or peer) pressures, complacency,
ignorance, fatigue, and insufficient supervision or oversight.
Safety management on the apron
18.5.6 Apron operations present scenarios with often-conflicting goals that require rapid risk
management decisions. Balancing the requirement for safety against operating pressures to provide a quick
turnaround of the aircraft to avoid delays and disruptions calls for trade-offs. Shortcuts in following SOPs
may be taken to facilitate on-time departures, usually without adverse consequences. Workers may be
chastised (perhaps even penalized) for failure to keep things moving. Yet, they may be “punished” if the
practices they followed contributed to an accident. How can this vicious cycle be broken?
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(144)
