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1) unsafe for use by the AME (e.g. protective devices missing or unstable);
2) unreliable, damaged or worn out;
3) poor layout of controls or displays;
4) mis-calibrated or incorrect scale readings;
5) unsuitable for task;
6) unavailable;
7) cannot be used in intended environment (e.g. space limitations or presence of moisture);
8) instructions missing; and
9) too complicated.
c) Aircraft design/configuration/parts. This category includes those aspects of individual aircraft
design or configuration which limit the AME’s access for maintenance. In addition, it includes
replacement parts that are either incorrectly labelled or not available, leading to the use of substitute
parts. Contributing factors here that may lead to errors by the AME include:
1) complexity of installation or test procedures;
2) bulk or weight of component;
3) inaccessibility;
4) configuration variability (e.g. due to different models of the same aircraft type or modifications);
5) parts not available or incorrectly labelled; and
6) easy to install incorrectly (e.g. due to inadequate feedback, absence of orientation or flow
direction indicators, or identical connectors).
Chapter 19. Aircraft Maintenance
Appendix 2 19-APP 2-3
d) Job/task. This category covers the nature of the work to be completed including the combination
and sequence of the various tasks comprising the job. Some of the contributing factors conducive to
facilitating maintenance errors in this area include:
1) repetitive or monotonous task;
2) complex or confusing task (e.g. long procedure with multiple or concurrent tasks, and
exceptional mental or physical effort required);
3) new or changed task; and
4) task or procedure varies by aircraft model or maintenance location.
e) Technical knowledge/skills. This category includes the operator process knowledge, aircraft
system knowledge and maintenance task knowledge, as well as the technical skills to perform the
assigned tasks or sub-tasks without error. Some of the related contributing factors compromising job
performance are:
1) inadequate skills in spite of training, trouble with memory items, or poor decision-making;
2) inadequate task knowledge due to insufficient training or practice;
3) inadequate task planning leading to interrupted procedures or too many scheduled tasks for
time available (e.g. failure to get all necessary tools and materials first);
4) inadequate operator process knowledge, perhaps due to inadequate training and orientation
(e.g. failure to order necessary parts on time); and
5) inadequate aircraft system knowledge (e.g. incomplete post-installation test and fault isolation).
Many of the foregoing deficiencies call for improved tracking and measuring of the AME’s technical
performance on the job.
f) Individual factors. This category includes the factors affecting individual job performance that vary
from person to person, such as those things brought to the job by the individual (e.g. body
size/strength, health and personal events), as well as those caused by interpersonal or
organizational factors (e.g. peer pressure, time constraints, and fatigue due to the job itself,
scheduling or shift work). The MEDA checklist includes the following possible factors contributing to
maintenance errors:
1) physical health, including sensory acuity, pre-existing disease or injury, chronic pain,
medications, and drug or alcohol abuse;
2) fatigue due to task saturation, workload, shift scheduling, lack of sleep or personal factors;
3) time constraints due to fast work pace, resource availability for assigned workload, pressures to
meet aircraft gate time, etc.;
4) peer pressures to follow group’s unsafe practices, disregard for written information, etc.;
5) complacency (e.g. due to overfamiliarity with repetitive task, or hazardous attitudes of
invulnerability or overconfidence);
6) body size or strength not suitable for reach or strength requirements (e.g. in confined spaces);
19-APP 2-4 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
7) personal events such as a death of a family member, marital problems, and a change in
financial well-being; and
8) workplace distractions (e.g. due to interruptions in a dynamically changing work environment).
g) Environment/facilities. This category includes all those factors which can not only affect the
comfort of the AME but also create health or safety concerns which may become a distraction to the
AME. Some of the environmental factors that MEDA identifies as being potentially contributory to
maintenance errors include:
1) high noise levels that compromise communications or feedback, affect concentration, etc.;
2) excessive heat affecting the AME’s ability to physically handle parts or equipment, or causing
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