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ECCAIRS European Co-ordination Centre for Aviation Incident Reporting Systems
EGPWS Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System
ERP Emergency Response Plan
EU European Union
EUROCONTROL European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation
FAA Federal Aviation Administration (U.S.)
FCO Flight Crew Order
(xii) Safety Management Manual (SMM)
FDA Flight Data Analysis
FDM Flight Data Monitoring
FDR Flight Data Recorder
FIR Flight Information Region
FMEA Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
FMS Flight Management System
FOD Foreign Object Damage
FOQA Flight Operations Quality Assurance
FPD FDA Programme Database
FSF Flight Safety Foundation
FSO Flight Safety Officer
ft Feet
GAIN Global Aviation Information Network
GASP Global Aviation Safety Plan (ICAO)
GPS Global Positioning System
GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System
HAZid Hazard Identification
IATA International Air Transport Association
IBAC International Business Aviation Council, Ltd.
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IFALPA International Federation of Air Line Pilots’ Associations
IFATCA International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations
ILS Instrument Landing System
INDICATE Identifying Needed Defences in the Civil Aviation Transport Environment
ISASI International Society of Air Safety Investigators
ISIM Integrated Safety Investigation Methodology
ISO International Organization for Standardization
JAA Joint Aviation Authorities
JAR Joint Aviation Requirement(s) (JAA)
kg Kilogram(s)
LOSA Line Operations Safety Audit
m Metre(s)
MEDA Maintenance Error Decision Aid (The Boeing Company)
MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications
MRM Maintenance Resource Management
MSAW Minimum Safe Altitude Warning
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.)
NBAA National Business Aviation Association, Inc.
NM Nautical Mile(s)
NOSS Normal Operations Safety Survey
NTSB National Transportation Safety Board (U.S.)
OFSH Operator’s Flight Safety Handbook
OIRAS Operational Incident Reporting and Analysis Systems
OJT On-the-job Training
OSH Occupational Safety and Health
PANS Procedures for Air Navigation Services
PANS-ATM Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management
PANS-OPS Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aircraft Operations
PC Personal Computer
QAR Quick Access Recorder
QAS Quality Assurance System
RA Resolution Advisory
Acronyms and Abbreviations (xiii)
RNP Required Navigation Performance
R/T Radiotelephony
RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum
SARPs Standards and Recommended Practices (ICAO)
SDCPS Safety Data Collection and Processing Systems
SDR Safety Data Request
SDR Service Difficulty Reporting
SHEL Software/Hardware/Environment/Liveware
SID Standard Instrument Departure
SIL Safety Issues List
SIN Standing Instruction Number
SM Safety Manager
SMM Safety Management Manual
SMS Safety Management System(s)
SOPs Standard Operating Procedures
STAR Standard Instrument Arrival
STCA Short-term Conflict Alert
TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
TEM Threat and Error Management
TOR Tolerability of Risk
TP Transport Publication (Canada)
TRM Team Resource Management
U.K. United Kingdom
U.S. United States
USOAP Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (ICAO)
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1-1
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW
1.1 GENERAL
Aviation is remarkable for the giant technological leaps it has made over the last century. This progress
would not have been possible without parallel achievements in the control and reduction of aviation’s safety
hazards. Given the many ways that aviation can result in injury or harm, those involved with aviation have
been preoccupied with preventing accidents since the earliest days of flying. Through the disciplined
application of best safety management practices, the frequency and severity of aviation occurrences have
declined significantly.
1.2 CONCEPT OF SAFETY
1.2.1 In order to understand safety management, it is necessary to consider what is meant by “safety”.
Depending on one’s perspective, the concept of aviation safety may have different connotations, such as:
a) zero accidents (or serious incidents), a view widely held by the travelling public;
b) the freedom from danger or risks, i.e. those factors which cause or are likely to cause harm;
c) the attitude towards unsafe acts and conditions by employees (reflecting a “safe” corporate culture);
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(11)
