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data from normal operations in support of company safety programmes. FDA has provided management
with another tool for proactively identifying safety hazards and mitigating the associated risks.
16.3.4 For the purposes of this manual, an FDA programme may be defined as:
• A proactive and non-punitive programme for gathering and analysing data recorded during routine
flights to improve flight crew performance, operating procedures, flight training, air traffic control
procedures, air navigation services, or aircraft maintenance and design.
16-4 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
16.3.5 Any FDA programme requires the cooperation of the pilot group. Prior to introducing an FDA
programme, it is essential that agreement be reached on the processes to be followed, in particular the nonpunitive
aspects of such a programme. The details are normally contained in a formal agreement between
management and its flight crew. An example of one such agreement is contained in Appendix 3 to this
chapter.
Benefits of FDA programmes
16.3.6 FDA programmes are increasingly being used for the monitoring and analysis of flight
operations and engineering performance. FDA programmes are a logical component of an SMS, particularly
for larger operators. Successful programmes encourage adherence to SOPs, deter non-standard behaviour
and so enhance flight safety. They can detect adverse trends in any part of the flight regime and thus
facilitate the investigation of events other than those which have had serious consequences.
16.3.7 Flight data analysis can be used to detect flight parameter exceedences and to identify nonstandard
or deficient procedures, weaknesses in the ATC system, and anomalies in aircraft performance.
FDA allows the monitoring of various aspects of the flight profile, such as the adherence to the prescribed
take-off, climb, cruise, descent, approach and landing SOPs. Specific aspects of flight operations can be
examined either retrospectively to identify problem areas, or proactively prior to introducing operational
change and subsequently, to confirm the effectiveness of the change.
16.3.8 During incident analysis, flight recorder data for the incident flight can be compared with the fleet
profile data, thereby facilitating analysis of the systemic aspects of an incident. It may be that the parameters of
the incident flight vary only slightly from many other flights, possibly indicating a requirement for change in
operating technique or training. For example, it would be possible to determine whether a tail-scrape on
landing was an isolated event, or symptomatic of a wider mishandling problem, such as over-flaring on
touchdown or improper thrust management.
16.3.9 Engine monitoring programmes may utilize the automated analysis of flight recorder data for
reliable trend analysis as manually coded engine data are limited in terms of accuracy, timeliness and
reliability. It is also possible to monitor other aspects of the airframe and systems.
16.3.10 In summary, FDA programmes offer a wide spectrum of applications for safety management,
as well as improvements in operational efficiency and economy. Data aggregated from many flights may be
useful to help:
a) determine day-to-day operating norms;
b) identify unsafe trends;
c) identify hazards in operating procedures, fleets, airports, ATC procedures, etc.;
d) monitor the effectiveness of specific safety actions taken;
e) reduce operating and maintenance costs;
f) optimize training procedures; and
g) provide a performance measurement tool for risk management programmes.
Chapter 16. Aircraft Operations 16-5
ICAO requirement
16.3.11 Annex 6, Part I, contains provisions for FDA programmes to be part of an operator’s SMS.
Operators of larger aircraft conducting international commercial air transport operations are required to have
a non-punitive FDA programme, which contains adequate safeguards to protect the source(s) of the data.
They may utilize the services of a specialist contractor to operate the programme.
From 1 January 2005, an operator of an aeroplane of a maximum
certificated take-off mass in excess of 27 000 kg shall establish and
maintain a flight data analysis programme as part of its safety
management system.
Annex 6, Part 1, Chapter 3
Using an FDA programme
16.3.12 Typically, FDA data are being used for:
a) exceedence detection;
b) routine measurements;
c) incident investigations;
d) continuing airworthiness; and
e) linked databases (or integrated safety analysis).
Exceedence detection
16.3.13 FDA programmes may be used for detecting exceedences or safety events, such as
deviations from flight manual limits, SOPs, or good airmanship. A set of core events (usually provided by the
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Safety Management Manual (SMM) 安全管理手册(110)
