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investigations;
i) Manual on Certification of Aerodromes (Doc 9774), which describes the salient features of an SMS
to be included in the aerodromes manual for certified aerodromes;
j) Preparation of an Operations Manual (Doc 9376), which provides detailed guidance to operators in
such areas as training and the supervision of operations, and includes direction on the need to
maintain an accident prevention programme;
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k) Safety Oversight Audit Manual (Doc 9735), which provides guidance and information on standard
auditing procedures for the conduct of ICAO Safety Oversight audits; and
l) Training Manual (Doc 7192), Part E-1 — Cabin Attendants’ Safety Training, which provides
guidance for the training of cabin crew required by Annex 6.2
____________________
2. A change of terminology from “cabin attendant” to “cabin crew” became applicable in 1999 (see Annex 6 — Operation of Aircraft).
The term “flight attendant” is sometimes used in the industry.
2-1
Chapter 2
RESPONSIBILITY FOR MANAGING SAFETY
2.1 PARTIES RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING SAFETY
2.1.1 The responsibility for safety and effective safety management is shared among a wide spectrum
of organizations and institutions, including international organizations, State regulatory authorities for civil
aviation, owners and operators, service providers for air navigation services and aerodromes, major aircraft
and power plant manufacturers, maintenance organizations, industry and professional associations, and
aviation education and training institutions. In addition, third parties that provide aviation support services
(including contracted services) also share in the responsibility for managing safety. Generally, these
responsibilities fall into the following areas:
a) defining policies and standards affecting safety;
b) allocating resources to sustain risk management activities;
c) identifying and evaluating safety hazards;
d) taking action to eliminate hazards or reduce the associated level of risk to what has been decided as
being an acceptable level of risk;
e) incorporating technical advances in the design and maintenance of equipment;
f) conducting safety oversight and safety programme evaluation;
g) investigating accidents and serious incidents;
h) adopting the most appropriate best industry practices;
i) promoting aviation safety (including the exchange of safety-related information); and
j) updating regulations governing civil aviation safety.
2.1.2 The systematic procedures and practices for the management of safety are generally referred to
collectively as a safety management system (SMS).
ICAO
2.1.3 From a regulatory perspective, ICAO’s role is to provide procedures and guidance for the safe
conduct of international aircraft operations and to foster the planning and development of air transport. This
is largely achieved by developing Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), which are contained in
the Annexes to the Chicago Convention and reflect the best operational experience of States. The
Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) contain practices beyond the scope of the SARPs, where a
measure of international uniformity is desirable for safety and efficiency. The Air Navigation Plans detail
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requirements for facilities and services specific to ICAO regions. In essence, these documents define the
international framework for promoting safety and efficiency in aviation.
2.1.4 In addition to this regulatory framework, ICAO contributes to safety management by promoting
best safety practices. More specifically, ICAO:
a) provides guidance material for States and operators covering most aspects of aviation safety
(including flight operations, airworthiness, air traffic services, aerodromes and airport security).
Generally this guidance material is in the form of manuals or circulars;
b) developed this manual which outlines the principles of safety management and provides guidance
for the conduct of effective safety management programmes;
c) defines international procedures for accident and incident investigation and reporting;1
d) promotes aviation safety by:
1) disseminating accident and incident information through the Accident/Incident Reporting
(ADREP) system and by other means;
2) disseminating aviation safety information in publications and, more recently, in electronic
formats; and
3) participating in conferences, seminars, etc. addressing specific aspects of aviation safety
(i.e. accident investigation, accident prevention and Human Factors); and
e) conducts audits under the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP).
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