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pitch, forcing pilot to flare the aircraft
· In the event of a go-around, transition to flight mode occurs again at 50'
RA.
Protections
Load factor Limitation
· Prevents pilot from overstressing the aircraft even if full sidestick
deflections are applied.
Attitude Protection
· Pitch limited to 30 deg up, 15 deg down, and 67 deg of bank.
· These limits are indicated by green = signs on the PFD.
· Bank angles in excess of 33 deg require constant sidestick input.
· If input is released the aircraft returns to and maintains 33 deg of bank.
High Angle of Attack Protection (alpha):
· When alpha exceeds alpha prot, elevator control switches to alpha
protection mode in which angle of attack is proportional to sidestick
deflection.
· Alpha max will not be exceeded even if the pilot applies full aft deflection
High Speed Protection:
· Prevents exceeding VMO or MMO by introducing a pitch up load factor
demand.
· The pilot can NOT override the pitch up command.
Low Energy Warning:
· Available in CONF 2,3, or FULL between 100' and 2,000' RA when TOGA
not selected.
· Produces aural "SPEED SPEED SPEED" when change in flight path alone
is insufficient to regain a positive flight path (Thrust must be increased).
ALTERNATE LAW
If Multiple Failures of Redundant Systems occur, the flight controls revert to Alternate Law.
The ECAM displays the message: ALTN LAW: PROT LOST
Ground
Mode The ground mode is identical to Normal Law.
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Flight
Mode
· In pitch alternate law the flight mode is a load factor demand law similar to
the Normal Law flight mode, with reduced protections.
· Pitch alternate law degrades to pitch direct law when the landing gear is
extended to provide feel for flare and landing, since there is no flare mode
when pitch normal law is lost.
· Automatic pitch trim and yaw damping (with limited authority) is available.
· Turn coordination is lost.
· When pitch law degrades from normal law, roll degrades to Direct Law -
roll rate depends on airspeed.
Protections
· All protections except for load factor maneuvering protection are lost.
· The load factor limitation is similar to to that under Normal Law.
· Amber XX's replace the green = attitude limits on the PFD.
· A low speed stability function replaces the normal angle-of-attack
protection
o System introduces a progressive nose down command which
attempts to prevent the speed from decaying further.
o This command CAN be overridden by sidestick input.
o The airplane CAN be stalled in Alternate Law.
o An audio stall warning consisting of "crickets" and a "STALL"
aural message is activated.
o The Alpha Floor function is inoperative.
· The PFD airspeed scale is modified:
o VLS remains displayed
o VALPHA PROT and VALPHA MAX are removed
o They are replaced by a red and black barber pole, the top indicating
the stall warning speed VSW
· A nose up command is introduced any time the airplane exceeds VMO/MMO
to keep the speed from increasing further, which CAN be overridden by the
sidestick.
· Bank angle protection is lost.
· Certain failures cause the system to revert to Alternate Law without speed
stability.
· Yaw damping is lost if the fault is a triple ADR failure.
ABNORMAL ALTERNATE LAW
Abnormal Alternate Law is activated if the airplane enters an unusual attitude, allowing recovery
from the unusual attitude.
· Pitch law becomes Alternate (without autotrim or protection other than
Load Factor protection).
· Roll law becomes Direct law with mechanical yaw control.
· After recovery from the unusual attitude, the following laws are active for
the remainder of the flight:
o Pitch: Alternate law without protections and with autotrim.
o Roll: Direct law
o Yaw: Alternate law
· There is no reversion to Direct law when the landing gear is extended.
DIRECT LAW
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Direct law is the lowest level of computer flight control and occurs with certain multiple failures.
· Pilot control inputs are transmitted unmodified to the control surfaces,
providing a direct relationship between sidestick and control surface.
· Control sensitivity depends on airspeed and NO autotrimming is available.
· An amber message USE MAN PITCH TRIM appears on the PFD.
· If the flight controls degrade to Alternate Law, Direct Law automatically
becomes active when the landing gear is extended if no autopilots are
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