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time. ”Date Ams” shows the date the flight occurs. The ”Flight” cell contains
the flight number. The departure station of the flight can be found in the ”From”
part and ”To” cell stands for the destination of the flight. ”KofArr” and ”KofDep”
denote the region of provenance of the flight preceding the ground handling process
and the region of the destination of the flight following the ground handling
process, respectively. ”E” denotes a flight within Europe, ”I” denotes an intercontinental
flight and ”A” stands for any region. For stations other than Amster-
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Aircraft Codes Manifacturer & Seating Capacity
(IATA Codes) Aircraft Type (Economy+Business)
332 Airbus 330 (200) 221+30
733 Boeing 737-300 88+39 / 112+15
734 Boeing 737-400 108+39 / 114+33
738 Boeing 737-800 114+57
739 Boeing 737-900 132+57
744 Boeing 747-400 378+42
74E Boeing 747-400 (Combi) 238+42
73H Boeing 737-800 (Winglets) 114+57
763 Boeing 767-300 245+24
772 Boeing 777-200(ER) 292+35
M11 McDonell Douglas MD-11 270+24
73J Boeing 737-900 (Winglets) 132+57
73W Boeing 737-700 (Winglets) 112+12
77W Boeing 737-300 (Winglets) 390+35
Table 1.1: Aircraft Properties
dam Schiphol Airport, these indicators are not relevant and have the value ”X”.
”Type” cell is used to record the type of the flight which is one of the following:
”ARR” (arrival handling - which in this study we are not interested in), ”DEP”
(departure handling), ”T/A” (Turnaround, which is a combination of arrival and
departure handling), ”TR”, ”TRE”, ”TRN”, ”TRS”, ”TRW” (transit flights on outstations
where ”E” stands for Eastbound, ”N” for Northbound, ”S” for Southbound
and ”W” for Westbound). Operational Plan Year and the Operational Plan Period
are shown in the cells ”OPyear” and ”OPseq”, respectively. ”Regio” stands for
the region of the destination of the flight, for example, looking at the above table,
OTP (Bucharest - Henri Coanda International Airport, Romania) is in EUR while
JFK (New York - John F. Kennedy International Airport, USA) in ICA. ”Subtype”
shows the type of the aircraft and ”Time Ams” is the time in Amsterdam, the
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BB24 Pln 1:23 1:23 1:53 0:46
BB24 Act 1:13 1:27 1:52 0:50
Date Ams 12-Aug-07 28-Jan-07 6-Apr-08 15-Apr-08
Flight KL 0871 KL 0641 KL 0561 KL 1359
From AMS AMS AMS AMS
To DEL JFK EBB OTP
KofArr A A I A
KofDep I I I E
Type DEP DEP T/A DEP
OPyear 2007 2006 2008 2008
OPseq 2 4 1 1
Regio ICA ICA ICA EUR
Subtype M11 744 332 73H
Time Ams 9:01 12:34 9:30 11:02
Table 1.2: Form of the Available Data
Netherlands, when the flight occurs.
The Ground Handling is a process which includes many subprocesses, such as, deboarding,
cleaning, catering, boarding, loading and unloading processes. Afhandelings
Instructies Schiphol (AIS) is a process guidance manual for divisions involved
in dispatching airplains from KLM and KLM-standard contracted customer
airlines at KLM-HUB Schiphol. For each division (and third parties), processing
steps, handling over issues, tasks, and standardization are completely discribed according
to policy principles and budget regulations. Goal is to guarantee safety,
punctuality and service level to customers.
Figure 1.1 is a part of AIS handbook which shows the standard ground handling
procedure and process times for aircraft type Boeing 737-800 (IATA Code: 738)
for departure.
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Figure 1.1: A Part of AIS Handbook
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The actual durations of the process are measured by signals which are sent when
the aircraft doors are opened and closed.
As stated before the Ground Handling processing time data is assumed to follow
a shifted Gamma distribution We, first of all, try to prove if the data comes from
a Gamma distribution. We assumed that the data is independent and identically
distributed (iid). Moreover, although there are some unrealistic observations, we
did not ignore any data as it is not possible to know at this point that the reason
of these records is mismeasurement or not, as very long durations may be due to a
possible delay and very short durations may belong to the flights with a very few
number of passengers.
Assuming the data comes from a shifted Gamma distribution, we first estimated
the parameters by using Maximum Likelihood Estimation.
In this paper, we first analyze the statistical properties of ground handling process
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