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Flight Control Law Design:
An Industry Perspective
Gary J. Balas
balas@aem.umn.edu
Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN 55105 USA
September 4, 2003
2003 European Control Conference
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Presentation Overview
Survey of the control techniques being used by
industry in Brazil, Europe, Russia and the United
States of America to design flight control laws for
fixed-wing aircraft.
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Outline
• 100 years of Controlled Flight
• Introduction
• Background
• Countries
• Brazil
• Europe
• France
• Germany
• Italy
• Sweden
• United Kingdom
• Israel
•Russia
•United States of America
•Boeing
•Honeywell
•Lockheed Martin
• Summary
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Wright Brothers: December 17, 1903
• First to develop a fully aerodynamic control system coupled to a
powered aeroplane which was both flyable and maneuverable.
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United Kingdom
Most Influential Predecessor of the Wright’s
• Sir George Cayley in 1799 at Brompton, near Scarborough in
Yorkshire sketched a “conventional” configuration of an
aeroplane.
Indeed, in 1909 Wilbur Wright himself paid Cayley the
following tribute:
"About 100 years ago, an Englishman, Sir George Cayley, carried the
science of flight to a point which it had never reached before and which it
scarcely reached again during the last century.“
“The History of Flight from Around the World,” United Kingdom, Eur. Ing. Dr. J.A.D. Ackroyd
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Cambridge University, England
Lord Kelvin, President, Royal Society,
undergraduate at Cambridge
University, Senior Wrangler
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Cambridge University, England
Lord Kelvin, President, Royal Society,
undergraduate at Cambridge
University, Senior Wrangler
“Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible” (1895)
"I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation
other than ballooning...I would not care to be a member of the
Aeronautical Society," (1896)
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Current/New Commercial Aircraft
Boeing 7E7 Dreamliner Airbus A380
Embraer ERJ-170
Dassault Falcon 2000EX
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Current/New Military Aircraft
Rafale C
F-35 JSF
F/A-22 Raptor
Saab Gripen
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Current/New Military Aircraft
Eurofighter Typhoon
Sukhoi SU-37
Chengdu J-10
Indian Light Combat Aircraft
MIG 1.44
F/A-18 E/F
Sukhoi-30MKK
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Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Global hawk Predator
Organic Air Vehicle
Dragon Eye
Neptune
Raven
FPASS
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Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
FPASS
Predator B
UCAV
Dragon Drone
Pointer
Pioneer
Dragon Drone
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Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
• US Department of Defense (DoD) has 20 UAVs in service or
under conceptual development:
• DoD will have invested over $10 Billion in UAVs by 2007*.
• DoD UAV systems will grow to 300 by the year 2010*.
• 32 Nations are developing more than 250 models of UAVs*.
• Over 60 small and Micro UAV programs are under way
through out the world.
* DoD Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Roadmap: 2002-2027
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Background
Flight control design research is a very active area:
• In 2002 alone, 490 flight control design related papers were published.
• Majority new theory or applying theory to aircraft simulations.
• Basis from which the aircraft industry draws its “new” ideas.
Working Group 23 of Advisory Group for Aerospace Research
and development (AGARD now RTO) noted in 1996:
• Skill required to design an advanced flight control system is not easily
transferred and very little material exists in the open literature to be used
as a reference handbook by designers.
• RTO recommended better documentation of existing flight control system
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