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and adventure, of daring and bravado,” says
the author. “Aviators shrink the world and prepare
for war on a global scale. The stories of their achievements
become the stuff of legend, and their machines
are revered as artifacts of a Golden Age.”
Reports
Report on the Testing and Systematic
Evaluation of the airEXODUS Aircraft
Evacuation Model. U.K. Civil Aviation
Authority (CAA) Safety Regulation Group
(SRG). CAA Paper 2004/05. April 2005. 95 pp.
Tables, appendixes. Available on the Internet at
<www.caa.co.uk> or from Documedia.*
4 4 FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • FLIGHT SAFETY DIGEST • JUNE 2005
R E S O U R C E S
“Before computer models can reliably be
used for certifi cation applications, they
must undergo a range of validation demonstrations,”
says the report. “While validation will never
prove a model correct, confi dence in the model’s
predictive capabilities will be improved the more
often it is shown to produce reliable predictions.”
This report describes the testing and evaluation of
the ability of the airEXODUS aircraft-evacuation
model to reproduce the certifi cation-evacuation
trials of six aircraft.
A major aim of the study was to show that airEXODUS
can predict small differences in the outcomes
of evacuation trials among derivative aircraft belonging
to a single aircraft family. Therefore, for
the testing and evaluation, derivative aircraft (both
wide-body and narrow-body) were selected. The
aircraft included fi ve different types of exits.
The airEXODUS model uses 90-second-evacuation
certifi cation data to specify model parameters. “In
the work presented here, the most important parameter
is the passenger-exit-delay time,” says the
report. “This time represents the two stages of the
exiting process, the exit-hesitation time and the
exit-negotiation time [the time to pass through the
exit]. … Another key parameter in airEXODUS is
the exit-ready time. This attribute represents the
time required by a crewmember or passenger to
render the exit escape system ready for use.”
Data derived from video recordings of each exit
on each aircraft in actual evacuation trials were
compared with airEXODUS simulations. Each
airEXODUS simulation was repeated 1,000 times
to generate a distribution of results representing minor
variations to be expected among trials. “Using
the mean of the airEXODUS-generated totalevacuation-
time distribution for each aircraft and
the single time achieved by the aircraft in each of
the [actual] trials to represent the typical evacuation
performance, airEXODUS is capable of predicting
the total evacuation time to within 5.3 percent or
3.8 seconds on average,” says the report.
The evaluation also indicated that the current certifi
cation process is unable to “meaningfully rank
aircraft-evacuation performance” on the basis of
a single trial, because only repeated evacuation
trials — or computer simulation — can provide
a total-evacuation-time probability distribution,
the report says.
“The success of airEXODUS in predicting the outcome
of previous 90-second certifi cation trials is
a compelling argument of the suitability of this
model for evacuation-certifi cation applications
— at least for derivative aircraft,” says the report.
“For aircraft involving truly ‘new’ features, it is
expected that evacuation models in conjunction
with component testing of the new feature will
be necessary.”
Complexity and Automation Displays of
Air Traffi c Control: Literature Review and
Analysis. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) Offi ce of Aerospace Medicine. DOT/
FAA/AM-05/4. Final report. April 2005.
Xing, Jing; Manning, Carol A. Figure, tables,
references. 24 pp. Available on the Internet at
<www.cami.jccbi.gov> or through National
Technical Information Service (NTIS).**
In the dynamic air traffi c control (ATC) environment,
controllers must integrate and manage
large volumes of information from multiple
sources without compromising or overwhelming
their cognitive capacities. Automation tools and
automation displays intended to reduce workload
can also introduce additional complexity to ATC
task management.
This study and literature review was designed
to develop objective measures of the complexity
of ATC displays that are composed mainly of
graphical symbols and text. “One of the major accomplishments
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